Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prime Movers and Governing Systems
Prime Movers and Governing Systems
SYSTEMS
Copyright © P. Kundur
This material should not be used without the author's consent
1539pk
Prime Movers and Governing Systems
Outline
combined-cycle configuration
PM - 2
1539pk
Hydraulic Turbines and Governing
Systems
water compressibility
PM - 3
1539pk
1. Hydraulic Turbine Transfer Function
PM - 4
1539pk
The velocity of the water in the penstock is given by
U K uG H
where
U = water velocity
G = gate position
H = hydraulic head at gate
Ku = a constant of proportionality
Pm KpHU
The acceleration of water column due to a change
in head at the turbine, characterized by Newton's
second law of motion, may be expressed as
PM - 5
1539pk
For small displacements (prefix ) about an initial
operating point (subscript "0") we can shows that
Pm 1 Tw S
G 1 1 T S (9.11)
w
2
where
LU0
Tw
a gH0
PM - 6
1539pk
Special Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines
2 t
Pm t 1 3e w G
T
PM - 7
1539pk
Figure 9.3: Change in turbine mechanical power
following a unit step increase in gate position
PM - 8
1539pk
Immediately following a unit increase in gate
position, the mechanical power actually decreases
by 2.0 per unit. It then increases exponentially
with a time constant of Tw/2 to a steady state value
of 1.0 per unit above the initial steady state value
PM - 9
1539pk
Governors for Hydraulic Turbines
PM - 10
1539pk
The rate feedback retards or limits the gate
movement until the water flow and power output
have time to catch up
The result is a governor which exhibits a high
droop (low gain) for fast speed deviations, and
the normal low droop (high gain) in the steady
state
PM - 11
1539pk
Mechanical Hydraulic Governor
PM - 12
1539pk
Figure 9.9: Schematic of a mechanical-hydraulic governor
for a hydro turbine
PM - 13
1539pk
Parameters Sample data
Tp = Pilot valve and servomotor time 0.05 s
constant
Ks = Servo gain 5.0
TG = Main servo time 0.2 s
Rp = Permanent droop 0.04
RT = Temporary droop 0.4
TR = Reset time 5.0 s
Constraints
Maximum gate position limit = 1.0
Minimum gate position limit = 0
Rmax open = Maximum gate opening rate 0.16 p.u./s
Rmax close = Maximum gate closing rate 0.16 p.u./s
Rmax buff = Maximum gate closing rate in 0.04 p.u./s
buffered region
gbuff = Buffered region in p.u. of 0.08 p.u.
servomotor stroke
PM - 15
1539pk
Tuning of Speed Governing Systems
Tw
R T 2.3 Tw 1.0 0.15
TM
TR 5.0 Tw 1.0 0.5 Tw
For loading and unloading during normal
interconnected system operation, the above settings
result in too slow a response. For satisfactory loading
rates, the reset time TR should be less than 1.0 s,
preferably close to 0.5 s.
PM - 16
1539pk
2. Steam Turbines and Governing
Systems
PM - 17
1539pk
Figure 9.16: Common configurations of tandem-compound
steam turbine of fossil-fueled units
PM - 18
1539pk
Figure 9.17: Examples of cross-compound steam turbine
configurations
PM - 19
1539pk
Nuclear units usually have tandem-compound
turbines
PM - 20
1539pk
Steam Turbine Model
The IVs are used only for rapid control of turbine power
in the event of an overspeed
control about 70% of total power
the steam flow in the IP and LP sections can change only
with the build-up of pressure in the reheater volume
the reheater time constant TRH is in the range 5 to 10 s
the steam flow in LP sections experiences a time constant
TCO associated with the crossover piping; this is of the order
of 0.5 s
PM - 21
1539pk
Parameters
TCH = time constant of main inlet volumes and steam chest
TRH = time constant of reheater
TCO = time constant of crossover piping and LP inlet
volumes
Pm = total turbine power in per unit of maximum turbine
power
Pmc = total turbine mechanical power in per unit of common
MVA base
PMAX = maximum turbine power in MW
FHP,FIP,FLP = fraction of total turbine power generated by HP, IP,
LP sections, respectively
MVAbase = common MVA base
A simplified transfer function of the turbine relating perturbed values of the turbine power
and CV position may be written as follows:
1 sFHP TRH
1 sTCH 1 sTRH
PM - 23
1539pk
Turbine Response
PM - 24
1539pk
Steam Turbine Controls
Functions:
The governing systems have three basic functions:
normal speed/load control
overspeed control
overspeed trip
In addition, the turbine controls include a number of
other functions such as start-up/shut-down controls
and auxiliary pressure control
The speed/load control is a fundamental requirement
achieved through control of CVs
the speed control function provides the governor with a
4 to 5% speed drop
the load control function achieved by adjusting
speed/load reference
The overspeed control and protection is peculiar to
steam turbines
of critical importance for safe operation
speed should be limited to well below the design
maximum speed of 120%
PM - 25
1539pk
The overspeed control is the first line of defense
involves fast control of CVs and IVs
limits overspeed following load rejection to 0.5 to 1.0%
below overspeed trip level
returns the turbine to a steady-state condition with
turbine ready for reloading
PM - 26
1539pk
Governing Systems
PM - 27
1539pk
The functional block diagram of a mechanical-
hydraulic control (MHC) system is shown in Figure
9.25
the speed governor is a mechanical transducer which
transformers speed into position output
the speed relay is a spring loaded servomotor which
amplifies the speed governor signal
the hydraulic servomotor provides additional
amplification to the energy level necessary to move the
steam valves
PM - 28
1539pk
Figure 9.31: MHC turbine governing system with auxiliary
governor
PM - 29
1539pk
The electro-hydraulic control (EHC) systems use
electronic circuits in place of mechanical
components associated with the MHC in the low-
power portions
PM - 30
1539pk
Fig. 9.33 EHC governing system with PLU relay and IV
trigger
PM - 31
1539pk
3. Gas Turbines
PM - 32
1539pk