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turbine governing and protection system
Governing and protection system
by Sachin Pyasi, Working at Shree Cement Lt d
on Nov 27, 2013

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Turbine Control Basics
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Governing and protection system
Presentation Transcript
1. DEH governing turbine
2. To regulate the speed of the Turbine at various loads in a isolating set To regulate the
load as per the frequency demand when working in a grid network. To prevent and protect the turbine
from over speeding. To allow on line testing of various safety protections . To enable the tripping of TG
set in the event of actuation of protections. Safe and healthy loading of the TG Set
3. Nozzle Governing Throttle governing Bypass Governing Governing is effected by varying the
amount of steam which is further done by changing the positions of control valves. Any Throttling of
Steam will lead to losses . In governing system along with the change of quantity of steam the quality of
the steam also changes. Therefore Throttling should be minimum
4. THROTTLE GOVERNING The Valves in a set opens or closes consequentially or in a
sequence It is a Partial Arc admission turbine except at full Load. It is good for Low load or variable
load turbines. May have operational Problem at partial Loads NOZZLE GOVERNIMG All the valves
in a set opens or closes simultaneously / together It is a Full arc Admission Turbine It is most suitable for
full load or based Load plants No operational Problems
5. It is employed in small capacity turbines running on high pressure conditions and with small
blading dimensions. Here the loading up to appx 80% ( Economic loading ) is met by normal control
valves feeding the First stage. For higher loading , to supply more steam which is not possible due to
small blading dimensions ( can lead to operational problems) the extra quantity of the steam is fed to the
intermediate section of turbine bypassing the initial high pressure stages.
6. Constant Pressure Mode: Here pressure upstream of control valves is kept constant and change is
made by changing the position of control valves. Variable Pressure mode: Here control valves are in
full open position and pressure upstream of control valves varies proportionately with the load
requirement. Response of Constant pressure Mode is much faster than Variable pressure mode, but
Constant pressure leads to more losses.
7. Mechanical: Transducer is mechanical centrifugal speed governor which actuates controls valves
through mechanical linkages. Hydro mechanical: Here transducer is a centrifugal speed governor .It is
connected to a Hydraulic system where the signal is amplified so that Control valves servomotor can be
actuated.
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8. Hydraulic: Here speed transducer is a centrifugal pump whose discharge pressure is proportional to
square of speed. This signal is sent to hydraulic converter which generates a signal which is proportional
to valve opening/Closure is required. Before applying it to control valves servomotor this signal is suitably
modified. Electro Hydraulic : Here transducer can be electrical or Electronic. The generated signal after
processed electronically and electrically is fed to a Electrohydraulic converter which converts electrical
signal into Hydraulic signal. Hydraulic signal before applying to control valve servomotor is suitably
amplified
9. With continuous development of computer technology, microprocessor based DCS control has
been widely used. This 150 MW Digital electro-hydraulic control system jointly developed by Dongfang
steam turbine works and SYMPHONY
10. Regulation % of Turbine is defined as (No load Speed - Full Load speed) X 100 %
( Nominal Speed) It varies from 2.5% to 5% Normally it is 4.5 % Turbine having less regulation will be
more sensitive in the grid and hence will share more load and vice versa Normally base load plant has
high regulation and Peak load plant has small regulation.
11. Turbine latching means the process to make the protection system of steam turbine entering into
security mode. Allowable conditions for turbine latching Steam turbine is tripped. All
main steam valves are full closed. When condition is satisfied, allow to latching. After DEH receives the
order of turbine latching, relay is energized to close, so resetting solenoid valve 1YV is energized for
switching into flowing. Turbine lube oil enters into emergency tripping device, to push levers moving.
The MSV & RSV oil supply solenoid energized 15YV,16YV,21YV and 22YV. The return oil of HP safety
oil to the oil tank is shut off, PS1, PS2, and PS3 will send out signals, and the pressure of HP safety oil is
built up. At the same time, HP tripping solenoid valve 5YV,6YV, 7YV, 8YV are energized
12. PS-1 PS-2 PS-3
13. 1YV 2YV
14. ZS-1 ZS-2 ZS-3 4YV ZS-4 ZS-5
15. This turbine's mode of start is HIP START In 150MW Unit, two HP MSVs and four HP
CVs are used for controlling HP steam admission, and two RSVs and two IP CVs are used for
controlling IP steam admission. Hydraulic actuator mechanisms are used for driving the above CVs to
ensure rapid action and high positioning accuracy. The working speed of ST is 3000r/min. The speed of
ST will vary with the load in grid. After the speed measurement loop of ST regulation system measures
the actual speed of ST and compares it with rated speed (3000 r/min), the opening of HP and IP CV and
ICV will be controlled. In order to ensure safe operation of ST, the hydraulic system is also fitted with
several sets of redundant protection assembly: Emergency tripping device and testing solenoid valve HP
and LP tripping solenoid valves Over speed limiting solenoid valves
16. Automatic Judgment of Thermal State Start-up of ST is a process during which
ST and rotor are heated. In order to reduce the thermal stress during start-up procedure, different
starting curves are adopted for different initial temperature. DEH will automatically identify the thermal
state of unit according to the temperature (T) of inner upper wall of HP inner casing at regulation system
each time closing switch. In case the temperature of upper wall is bad, it will automatically be replaced
by the one of lower wall. T150C Cold state 150C<T<300C Warm state 300CT<400C Hot state
400CT Excessive hot state 2 Start-up mode The start-up mode of the unit-HIP combined start
17. Before grid-connection of steam turbine-generator units, DEH is speed closed loop isochronous
control system. Its set point is a demand speed. The difference between the demand speed and actual
speed, after calculated with PID regulator, by controlling the opening of oil servo motor by means of
servo system, enable the actual speed to follow the variation of the given speed. After target speed is
set, the given speed will approach to the target speed at a specified raising speed rate. When it enters into
the critical speed zone, the raising speed rate will be automatically changed into 400r/min/min to pass
through the critical speed zone quickly. During raising speed, the steam turbine normally needs to be
warmed up at moderate speed or high speed, in order to reduce thermal stress. Target speed Except
that operators set target speed through OIS, DEH may automatically set target speed under following
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conditions: When steam turbine is just latched, the target is current speed When breaker open, the
target is 3000r/min; When steam turbine is tripped, the target is zero. When the target exceeds the
upper limit, it will be changed into 3060 or 3360r/min; When the unit is at ATC mode , the target speed is
determined by ATC During synchronization, the target will change with synchronization increasing or
decreasing signals (change rate60r/min/min); If the target is set by mistake at the critical zone, it shall
be changed as a specified critical value.
18. Grid-connection & increasing load and normal control load Synchronization After the units come
to constant speed, with the interface with auto synchronization device, DEH can receive increase or
decrease signals from the auto synchronization device, and control the speed of units to realize a quick
synchronization. In case one of following conditions occurs, the auto synchronization mode will
Exit Speed < 2985 or > 3015r/min; Grid-connection with initial load When all grid-connection
conditions are met, DEH will immediately increase the set value, to have the generator operated with
initial load to avoid reverse power. Since the load feedback is not put in use at the beginning of grid-
connection, the pressure of main steam shall be used to correct the set value to be increased. Set value
original value3fP0 At the beginning of synchronization, the target is equal to this set value.
Load rate If set by operators, the load rate is within (0~100) MW/min; Under self starting mode,
the load rate is within (1.5~30) MW/min, with step length of 0.5MW/min; When switching over single
valve/sequence valve or switching over valves, load rate is 5.0MW/min
19. When certain fault occurs with steam turbine-generator unit, you may quickly reduce the opening
of valve and release partial load, to prevent from deterioration of fault. After RUNBACK function is put in
use, when DEH receives the signal of opening and putting in RUNBACK, the total valve position
reference value will decrease at a relevant change rate based on original value, till the signal of opening
and putting in RUNBACK disappears, or the RUNBACK function is switch off, or the reference value is
reduced to the lower limit at corresponding level. At the same time, the target and set point i.e. equivalent
to total valve position reference, will decrease accordingly. The conditions for switching off
RUNBACK: The load is less than 25%; Steam turbine tripped; Grid-disconnected. Based on different
faults, RUNBACK may be classified as three levels, which will be triggered by on-off input signals from
No.1#, 2# and 3# RUNBCK switches. When RUNBACK is acted, it will automatically switch off Load
feedback or main steam pressure feedback, and exit CCS mode.
20. Load limitation is high load limitation and low load limitation its limitation value is setted by
operator in OIS default high load limitation value is 145MWdefault low load limitation value is0MW.
High load limitation If it is not desired to have too high load on the steam turbine-generator unit for
certain period for some reasons, the operators may set high limitation value within (low limitation value
~165 MW), so that the load point of steam turbine is always lower than the limited value. The high load
limitation value mustnt be lower than the low load limitation value. When the actual load is higher than
high load limitation value high load limitation is actived cut off load feedback automatically exit CCS
mode. Low load limitation If it is not desired to have too low load on the steam turbine-generator unit
for certain period for some reasons, the operators may set low limitation value within (2MW~ high
limitation value), so that DEH set point Is always higher than the value relating to the limitation. Valve
position limitation If it is not desired to have too high opening of valves on the steam turbine-
generator unit for certain period for some reasons, the operators may set valve position limitation value
within (0~120) %. The load reference value or this limitation value, whichever is smaller, shall be taken
as the set value for DEH total valve position. In order to prevent valve position from jumping, the valve
position limitation value is provided with change restrictions, and the change rate is 1%/second
21. Modern turbine generating units are intermediate reheat unit system ones, namely, one boiler
operates with one steam turbine, therefore, in order to accomplish secondary frequency regulation, load
set point of ST control system is not only properly changed but also the load set point of boiler control
system is properly changed so that sufficient energy and safe operation of boiler can be ensured, this is
called coordinated control operator can press "CCS" button in the "AUTO CONTROL" graphic to make
it set 'IN's, in other words, the function of CCS control is enabled El. 2 Under the CCS control, the
function of load control can' t be input, the unit' s target load value is determined by CCS, the load rate is
100MW/min .The operator is prohibited to operate high, low load limitation value, the value is set to
165MW and.OMW automatically. (Note: the value of load rate and load high, low limitation is determined
in the field)
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22. When the boiler system can not maintain main steam pressure due to certain fault, the decrease of
main steam pressure can be slowed down by reducing steam flow by means of closing down the opening
of control valve, so as to assist in stabilizing the combustion in boiler The conditions for switch off TPC
mode Grid-disconnected , Pressure signal failed , High/low load limitation acted , RUNBACK acted
System is at MANUAL mode. The conditions for putting TPC in use Grid-connected; In auto mode
Main steam pressure higher than 90% rated value; Main steam pressure signal is normal Main steam
pressure limitation power-up default value is 10MPa, and the operators may set this limitation value
within (3~13) MPa when switch off TPC mode. During TPC mode being put in use, if the main steam
pressure is lower than the specified value, the main steam pressure limitation will be acted. When it is
acted, the set point will decrease at a change rate of 1%/second based on the point where the action is
started. At the same time, the target and set point i.e. equivalent to total valve position reference, will
decrease accordingly. If the main steam pressure rises again above the limitation value, the set point will
stop decreasing. If the main steam pressure failed to return back, the set point will stop decreasing when
the total valve position reference is less than 20%. When main steam pressure limitation is acted,
automatically switch off Load feedback and main steam pressure feedback, and quit CCS mode
23. Overspeed limitation The method that is used to prevent the speed of steam turbine from jumping
into steam turbine tripping speed is called as overspeed limitation. Load rejection Because the time
constant of rotor of large capacity steam turbine is small and the time constant of volume of steam
cylinder, when load rejection takes place, the speed of steam turbine will fly swiftly upward, if it is
controlled with the speed feed back of the system only, the highest speed may be over 110%, thus
emergency tripping of steam turbine may occur. the overspeed limitation solenoid valve should be acted
quickly, HP&IP control valves are closed, and the target speed and the given speed should be changed
into 3000r/min. After a period of time, the overspeed limitation solenoid valve is de-energized, the control
valves are controlled by the servo valves again, speed closed-loop control is restored, and finally the
speed of the steam turbine is stabilized at 3000r/min. in this way, the synchronization can be carried out
quickly after the accident is eliminated. 103% If overspeed overspeed occurs, the life of the steam
turbine will be influenced negatively. Except the speed can exceed 103% speed only during the overspeed
test of steam turbine, it is allowed to exceed 103% speed at any time (103% means network frequency
up to 50.5Hz). When not in overspeed test, once the speed exceeds 105%, act up the overspeed limitation
solenoid valve, close HP&IP control valves. After the speed is lower than 103%, the overspeed limitation
solenoid valve is de-energized, and the control valves are controlled by the servo valves again. Note:
when performing overspeed test, the function of 103% overspeed limitation is invalid.
24. CAVITY RING KEY FASHER SPRAY OIL FORK
25. Overspeed protection If the speed of steam turbine is too high, the steam turbine may be
damaged due to action of centrifugal stress. In order to prevent from overspeed of steam turbine, the
DEH system is provided with overspeed limitation function, but if it is failed to control the speed, and the
preset speed is exceeded, turbine tripping should be carried out immediately, to close all main steam
valves and control valves. For safety and reliability, many overspeed protections are set in the system:
DEH electric overspeed protection 110% Mechanical over speed protection Mechanical over speed
energized HP trip test module solenoid valve5YV,6YV,7YV,8YV, HPCV oil supply solenoid 9YV to 12YV,
IPCV oil supply solenoid 17YV, 18YV and HP trip solenoid 27YV, 28YV Electrical trip energized
electrical trip solenoid 3YV, HPCV & MSV oil supply solenoid 9YV to 14YV, IPCV & RSV oil supply
solenoid 17YV to 20YV and HP trip solenoid 27YV, 28YV
26. 5YV 6YV 27YV 7YV 8YV 28YV PS-4 PS-5
27. ELECTRICAL TRIP DEVICE 3YV
28. MECHANICAL TRIP DEVICE ELECTRICAL TRIP DEVICE
29. During startup, in order to reduce the thermal stress of HP cylinder, startup in single valve mode
shall be used normally. During normal operation, sequence valve mode shall be used normally, in order to
reduce the throttling loss of HP control valve. Normally, the single valve mode is mandatory when the
load is < 30%. While it is started at hot state and extreme hot state, due to small thermal stress and high
steam parameter, the opening of valve will be too small if it is started in single valve mode, which will
result in instable control, so it can be switched into startup in sequence valve mode. Set value for CV =
single valve coefficient X set value for single valve + (1-single valve coefficient) X set value for sequence
valve Under single valve mode, single valve coefficient is 1. After the operators send out the order of
switching to sequence valve mode, it will take 10 minutes for single valve coefficient to become from 1
to 0, and finally keep as 0, which is known as sequence valve mode. During the switchover of valve
control modes, the main steam pressure feedback or Load Back shall be put in use normally to maintain
the load constant.
30. In order to guarantee that the fly loop of emergency overspeed governor can quickly fly out once the
overspeed of units occurs to trip the steam turbine, the flyball should be tested for free movement.
During such a movement test, oil may be sprayed in the fly loop to increase centrifugal force, so that it
can fly out. The flyout of flyball due to oil injection test shall not result in tripping. In order to improve
the reliability, test isolation valve is added. Allowable conditions for oil injection test: Test soft button in
allowable position; The speed within (2985~3015) r/min; HP expansion differention is lower than
3mm. During the test, 4YV energized, 2YV energized, oil is sprayed into emergency tripper, fly ring
strikes out, and ZS2 sends signals, 2YV is de-energized, after a while, 1YV latch automatically,when
latched, the isolation valve is de-energized, which means a successful test.
31. After the steam turbine is installed for the first time or after an overhaul, the precision of overspeed
protection action must be verified, and each loop of overspeed protection shall be tested for verification.
When doing overspeed protection test, set the target speed of DEH as 3360r/min, and slowly increase it
to the speed of steam turbine. When the action speed of one loop of overspeed protection under test is
met, this loop of overspeed protection will be acted to trip the steam turbine. For this reason, overspeed
test is also called as raising speed test. DEH can automatically record steam turbine tripping speed and the
highest speed. a) DEH electric overspeed test The test can be carried out by setting target value as
3360r/min and the rate as 180r/min/min on OIS. b) Mechanical overspeed test In OIS, set target speed
to 3360r/min the turbines speed raise from 3000 r/min speed that fly ring fling out tripped turbine. the
speed that fly ring fling out should be between at 110%111% .
32. During normal operation of the unit, action test for HP and IP main steam valve and HP and IP
regulating valve can be carried out regularly to prevent steam admission valve from blocking. Full travel
action test can be carried out to HP and IP main steam valve and regulating valve. Allowable conditions
for action test of valve: All main steam valves fully opened. Load larger than 65 MW but
less than 135MW; Automatic mode Not in CCS mode Grid-connected
33. DEH can control the unit to conduct MSV leak test and CV leak test in case ST idles at rated speed
and boiler steam pressure meets certain requirement. Allowable conditions for valve leak test: Latched
Speed is higher than2990r/min The breaker is off Auto mode.
34. HP tripping solenoid valves can be tested on OIS Under normal conditions, 5YV, 6YV, 7YV and 8YV
solenoid valves are energized, and pressure switches PS4 & PS5 are in normal positions. During test,
5YV is de-energized, 6YV, 7YV and 8YV are energized, and PS5 sends signals, which means a
successful test of 5YV. 7YV may be tested in the same way with 5YV. 6YV is de-energized, 5YV, 7YV
and 8YV are energized, and PS4 sends signals, which means a successful test of 6YV. 8YV may be
tested in the same way with 6YV. If the solenoid valve is acted, and pressure switch signal is not correct
within 15 seconds, the test can be considered failed
35. MOOG On-Off Solenoid Loading and unloading piston
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