GE Energy

330MW Steam Turbine

Digital Electro-Hydraulic System
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 CONTENTS

1. General ............................................................................................................ 3
2. DEH System Structure .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Hardware Structure............................................................................. 4
2.2 Software Structure............................................................................. 10
3. Interface with Electro-hydraulic System ................................................... 13
3.1 Fluid Supply System .......................................................................... 13
3.2 Actuators............................................................................................. 13
3.3 Emergency Trip System .................................................................... 14
4. DEH Control Principle ................................................................................ 16
4.1 Demand Set Loop ............................................................................... 16
4.2 Important Signal Detection............................................................... 16
4.3 Automatic Control Loop ................................................................... 17
4.4 Servo Control Loop............................................................................ 17
5. Control Functions of DEH .......................................................................... 20
5.1 Speed Control ..................................................................................... 20
5.2 Load control........................................................................................ 21
5.3 Turbine Protection............................................................................. 26
5.4 Test Function ...................................................................................... 28
5.5 Communication with Other Control System................................... 28
6. DEH Man-Machine Interface ..................................................................... 29
7. DEH Simulation ........................................................................................... 31

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1. General
DEH (digital electro-hydraulic) control system is commonly used for various large-scaled steam
turbine. It is the key equipment that provides the speed/load control functions, the start-up/shut-down
controls, the over-speed control, stress calculation, and some protective trip functions. DEH system
also includes a variety of minor control functions for auxiliary equipments associated with the turbine.
The DEH control system, which consists of electronic parts and EH system, control the speed / load
through controlling the openness of all valves. The servos that control the valves are operated with
fireproof hydraulic fluid with pressure in the neighborhood of 14.5MPa.
As different steam turbines have different structures, start-up mode and controlling requirements, thus
corresponding DEH systems are also different in hardware / software design.
330MW DEH Control System is developed and improved by GE Xinghua Control Engineering Co.,
Ltd., on basis of practices in many years. The DEH is mainly aiming to the high-pressure fire-resistant
hydraulic fluid system of 330MW steam turbine manufactured by Beijing Turbine Works. Features of
such steam turbine is the application of IP start-up, which can perform quick start-up and stable
running for long time with low load, so as to meet the requirements for peak load regulation and
frequent start-up.
It has solved the requirements for special controlling on IP start-up mode, such as HP casing
switchover and isolating of HP casing, so as to meet controlling requirements at all phases of start-up
and running.
330MW turbine island control system refers to the below Fig.1.1.
TV GV
IEP
DEH

STEAM
IMP
DEH

PZ PZ
DEH DEH
TP
DEH
ACT ACT
HP IP LP LP

RSV IV

TBP
BPC

BP PZ
DEH
PZ
DEH
REHEAT
ACT ACT
ER PLBP
BPC
PLBP
E
BPC
PZ
BPC
LBP
PBP
BPC 油动
机
BOILER
BD BPE PZ
BPC
LPGV LPSV
ACT
PZ CONDENSER
BPC

PZ PZ
BPC BPC WS
MEH PZ PZ ACT
MEH MEH
ACT ACT
ACT ACT
LBPE
COND PUMP
FEED WATER BFPT

ENG OPU
EH

DEH ATC MEH BPC ETS

AST AST
ETS ETS

OPC OPC TURBINE

DEH DEH
OIL SYS.
AST AST
ETS ETS

Fig.1.1 330MW Turbine Island Control System

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2. DEH System Structure

2.1 Hardware Structure

Fig.2.1 shows the hardware configuration of DEH system, from which the system mainly includes
OPU station, ENG station, DPU for basic control, DPU for ATC control and various I/O modules.
The whole system is structured of two layers network.
The 1st layer of network connects all DPU and MMI stations, and is dual redundant real-time data
communication network (also call data highway). The applied 10M/100M Ethernet meets IEEE802.3
standard, with communication protocol of TCP/IP. Communication medium is RJ45 wire.
The 2nd layer of network is real-time I/O communication network. It connects DPU and I/O stations.
I/O communication network is also deployed with dual redundant configuration. Its commutation rate
is 10Mbps via Ethernet. All I/O modules installed in I/O stations perform data exchange with DPU via
BCNET modules.

ENG OPU

100MB/S

DPU DPU DPU DPU

10MB/S

B B B B B B B B B B
C C C C C C C C C C

V V V V S V V S V V S
A A A A A A A A A D D D D D
P P P P D P P D P P D
I O I I I I I I I I I I O O
C C C C P C C P C C P

Fig.2.1 DEH System Network

DEH system hardware framework can be divided into control cabinet, terminal cabinet, manual panel
and MMI station.
The control cabinet consists of redundant DPU, I/O modules, AC power distribution box, redundant
DC power supply and pre-cast cables for interconnections.
The terminal cabinet has various terminal boards, which will change all kinds of onsite signals to
standard signals acceptable by I/O module, and process the signals sent out by I/O module.
Manual panel is optional part, which is used to maintain unit running when control system has
problems, and for online maintenance or parts replacement.
Operation and graph display, data and curve record of DEH system are all implemented by ENG and
OPU station.

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 Below shows the typical DEH system cabinet.

VPC VPC
5V 5V 24 V 24 V 5V 5V 24 V 24 V AI AI
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2

VPC VPC
DPU DPU DPU DPU AI AI
#1 #2 #1 #2
VPC VPC
OP st at i on Eng st at i on V V V V V V S A B B AAAAAA B B
P P P P P P D I C C I I I I I I C C
CCCCCC P AI AI
VPC VPC

V V S A B B DDDDD B B
P P D I C C I I OOO C C
CC P
VPC VPC DI DI

V V S A B B
P P D I C C
CC P
SDP EM U
DO DO

MAN
P ow sup p ly P ow sup p ly DO
sw itch sw itch

Basi c cont r ol ATC cont r ol

Fig. 2.2 DEH System Cabinet Schematic Diagram Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

2.1.1 DPU(Distributed Processing Unit)

DPU is the main controller of DEH control system, which installs with Pentium400 processor and
running under real-time operation system.
Turbine control software is installed in DPU. DPU perform communication and control to lower level
IO modules via redundant I/O bus. At the same time, DPUs are linked by network interface module.
Software configuration is done at ENG station and then downloaded to DPU. Software modification
can be done online or off line. DEH control system use dual redundant DPU. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

2.1.2 I/O Module

DEH system adopts intelligent modules to handle special signal, with which consists of printed circuit
board, electronic components, microprocessor, I/O interface etc. The following modules are
commonly used in DEH system.
a) Analog Input Module（AI）
b) Analog Output Module（AO）
c) Digital Input Module（DI） Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

d) Digital Output Module（DO）

e) Valve Position Control Module（VPC）
f) Speed Detection and Protection Module（SDP）
g) Emulation Module（EMU）
h) Logic Protection Module（LPC）

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„ VPC Module
VPC module is especially designed for valve servo-control loop. It works together with
VPC-TB and drive electro-hydraulic converter(EHC). The VPC modules are in one to one
correspondence with electro-hydraulic converter, so as to drive actuator individually, and can
implement valve management function.
For VPC module’s tracing function, a bumpless change over from automatic mode to manual
mode is always possible, and vice versa. It has interlock protection function when working
together with hydraulic safety oil system.
The VPC module can be digital modulated through VPC debug software. Via ENG station
connect the VPC module, set module working mode, verify valve zero/full openness, modify
PID parameters, and so on. Detailed modulation methods refers to debug manual. VPC Digital
Modulate Interface is showing below.

Fig.2.3 VPC Digital Modulate Interface

„ SDP Module
SDP module detects turbine speed and judges whether the speed exceeds limit values of
over-speed protection. Also, the module has function of load rejection anticipation（LDA）and
can implement online over-speed protection tests.
SDP module can finish judgment on speed within 20 ms and send out command signal, so as to
ensure turbine speed less than 107% after load rejection. Also, to ensure the reliability of
over-speed protection system, DEH system use 3 SDP modules, from which, 2 out of 3 outputs
will be made. In such ways, it is possible to prevent error actions and action failures to the

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 largest extent.
In application, SDP module parameters can be modified upon actual needs of different users,
such as the teeth number, 103%(OPC) over-speed set values, 110%(AST) over-speed set
values. These set valves is stored in FLASH-ROM OF SDP modules. It can be read and
monitored by engineer.
The SDP module provides serial interfaces, which can be connected to computer and
parameters can be modified.
SDP over-speed protection control refers to the below Fig.2.4.

SDP_R

SDP_S

SDP_T

Speed 1
Speed 2
2/3
Speed 3

OPC 2/3 AST

SDP_TB

Fig.2.4 SDP Over-speed Protection (2 out of 3)

„ LPC Module
LPC module is optional equipment, which is mainly designed for emergency trip system（ETS）
of steam turbine. LPC module adopts CPLD hardware, and can implement various ETS trip
protection and interlock logics.
By programming, the logic is downloaded and solidified in LPC module. LPC module acts
quickly and reliably independent with DPU. Its execution cycle is less than 5ms，which can
ensure the immediate trip steam turbine in case of emergency.

„ EMU Module
EMU module is optional equipment, which is mainly designed for turbine simulation. The
module has 486 processor and is available for XDPS-DPU software.
EMU module has totally 16 analog input (range of 0-5V), 8 analog output (range of 0-5V), 2
digital input and 2 digital output, as well as 10Mbps Ethernet interface to connect to XDPS
real-time network. The configuration, uploading and downloading functions can be done
directly by XDPS software. Simulation algorithm is available, similar to common DPU.

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 SDP, VPC, LPC and EMU are special modules for DEH system, which are working together with
other common modules to control turbine speed and load. All modules of DEH system have function
of power-on delay. All modules can be plugged in or out without power-off, and perform
self-diagnosis and self-recovery. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

2.1.3 I/O Terminal Board

I/O terminal board connect I/O module with field signals, which is mainly to pre-process various
field signals. DEH system can accept current, voltage, milli-volt, modulation signals and pulse
signals, at the same time, it can convert the commands to various signals to drive all field
equipments.
Terminal board includes the following.

Module TB Des. Description

mA_TB 16 AI 0/4~20 mA，0/1~5V

AI TC_TB 16 AI 0~50/100mV
RTD_TB 16 AI 0~125/250mV
AO AO_TB 8AO 0/4~20mA /0/1~5V
DI DI_TB 32DI 24/48VDC，dry contact，1ms SOE

DO DO_TB 16DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A

Inductive：250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A

VPC VPC_TB 4AI 0/4~20mA ，0/1~5V，2KHz Modulation

1AO -40~40 mA
1AO 4~20mA
7DI 24/48VDC，dry contact
1DO 30VDC/10A
SDP SDP_TB 3PI 1~10KHz
6AI 4~20mA ， 1~5V
8DI 24/48VDC，dry contact
8DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A
Inductive：250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A

LPC LPC_TB 24DI 24/48VDC，dry contact，1ms SOE

6DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A
Inductive： 250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A

EMU EMU_TB 16AI 1~5V，12bit A/D

8AO 1~5V，16bit D/A
2DI 24VDC，input without isolation
2DO 0.2A/400V
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Of which, the most important I/O terminal board is VPC_TB, which can output LVDT excitation
signals, amplify valve control signal, drive electro-hydraulic converter and demodulate LVDT
feedback signals. To ensure the reliability of valve control, LVDT and servo out signals are dual
redundant. VPC Terminal Board refers to the below Fig.2.5.

C2908469/ 430/ 454A

4~20mA
Manual Switch 1 17
2 18
Manual Inc 3 19
4~20mA
4 20
Manual Dec 5 21
6 22
Valve Travel
P3- 37pin
OPC 7 23
8 24 Servo
VPC Manual out 9 25
10 26
11 27
ASL1 12 28
13 29
ASL2 14 30
15 31
ASL3 16 32 LVDT#2

VPC_TB
LVDT#1

Fig. 2.5 VPC Terminal Board

SDP terminal board input three speed pulse signals, three generator breaker signals, three turbine
latched signals. SDP module detects speed, if it exceeds over-speed set values and then send out
OPC or AST over-speed signals respectively. After 2 out of 3 selection, OPC or AST over-speed
signals will be sent to OPC solenoid valves or ETS respectively, so that to close control valves or
main stop valves. SDP _TB refers to the below Fig.2.6.

C2908467

1 33
ASL1 2 34
ASL1
3 35 TO
ASL2 ASL2 VPC
4 36
5 37
ASL3 ASL3
6 38
7 39
IEP1
BR1 8 40

I EP
9 41
IEP2
BR2 10 42

11 SDP1 SDP2 SDP3 43

IEP3
BR3 12 44

13 45
MW1
Spare 14 46

15 47
Spare MW2
16 48
P1-37pin

P2-37pin

P3-37pin

MW
Probe

WS1 17 49
MW3
18 50
WS2 19 51
WS1
20 52 WS2
WS3 21 53
WS3
22 54 P0
TO
OPC1
23 C C 55
VPC 24 NO NO 56
AST1
25 NC NC 57
SPARE
OPC2 26 C C 58
SPARE AST2
27 NO TO EMU_TB NO 59
28 NC NC 60
OPC3 29 P4-34pin 61 AST3
C C
TO
30 NO NO 62

C C AST4 ETS
OPC4 31 63

20-1/ 32 NO NO 64
OPC SDP_TB

20-2/
OPC

Fig.2.6 SDP Terminal Board

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 Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

2.1.4 MMI Station

Engineer station (ENG) and operator station (OPU) are man-machine interface stations. MMI station
consists of industrial control machine, of which CPU is high-performance Pentium processor
installed with Windows XP operation system, operated by mouse and externally connected with
high-resolution LCD. The station can also connect with printer and optical disk drive etc, so that the
MMI interface is more various and operations may be more convenient and direct.
In addition, engineer station can be changed into operator station using password, and vice versa.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

2.2 Software Structure

DEH software includes man-machine interface (MMI) software, DPU real-time control software and
communication software. The MMI software is based on Windows XP operation system, which has
direct viewing of real-time data display, graphic operation interface and functions of record,
alarming, SOE and report generating. In addition, engineer station has functions of control logic
graphics configuration, system configuration modification and management.
DEH Control Software Interface refers to the below Fig.2.7.

Fig.2.7 DEH Control Software Interface

2.2.1 MMI Software

By OPU station, it is possible to supervise steam turbine running status via flowchart, bar chart,
trend graph, single point and group show under multi-window operating mode. Also, it is possible to
monitor DEH system status by selftest. When failures happen, the system will remind operators by
ways of flashing, sounding or popping up alarm windows automatically, so as to provide real-time
alarm, history alarm, trend and SOE records for operators to check.
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 Fig.2.8 shows typical operation interfaces of DEH system.

Fig.2.8 DEH Control Overview

ENG station provides powerful programming tool and managing tools, such as database generating,
graphics making, control logic configuration, report generating, history data recording, and system
configuration etc. The graphics making software can make various and complicated process
procedure graphics. Report generating software can generate various reports such as periodic,
triggering and SOE report. History recording software can collect all global point data of digital
and analog. Alarm record software can record all alarms and operations in the system.

2.2.2 DPU Software

DEH real-time control software includes two parts, namely, basic control and ATC control. The
basic control software is operated by dual redundant DPU, which can perform collection and
control of steam turbine speed, load and pressure, as well as other basic functions of valve testing,
valve management, over-speed testing and frequency regulation. While the ATC software is also
operated by dual redundant DPU, which can perform collection and judgment of temperature,
pressure, flow and vibration of steam turbine and major auxiliary equipments, as well as rotor
stress calculation and execute the sequence logic control for steam turbine automatic startup.
DEH configuration can be done online or offline. In case of online, the modified control logic
becomes effective immediately without any translation and mainly used for onsite debugging and
simulation. In contrary, the offline modification of configuration shall be downloaded to slave
controlling DPU firstly and then switched to main controlling DPU, then become effective.

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 Fig.2.9 DEH Configuration Software

ENG station has VDPU function, which can create one or several VDPU for online configuration
and modification when there is no real DPU available. Such function has greatly eased the research,
study and test of control system strategy, so as to decrease debugging period for DEH system.
VDPU interface is showing the below.

Fig.2.10 VDPU Interface

2.2.3 Communication Software

Communication software processes real-time data exchange between data highway and I/O bus, and
meets IEEE802.3 standard.

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3. Interface with Electro-hydraulic System

As an important part of DEH system, an electro-hydraulic (EH) system consists mainly of fluid
supply system, actuators, and emergency trip system. The fluid supply system is an EH fluid storage
and treatment center which provides high pressure fluid for the EH system to drive the actuators.
The actuators respond to electrical signals from the DEH system to position the valves. The
emergency trip system is controlled by the trip parameters of the steam turbine, and will close all the
steam inlet valves when one of these parameters exceeds its operational limit value, or will only
close the steam governing valves to ensure the normal and safe operation of the steam turbine.
The following is the description of related equipments.

3.1 Fluid Supply System

The fluid supply system consists of fluid supply device, fire resistant fluid polishing assembly and
other EH components on the fluid piping. The fluid supply device provides pressurized fluid
required to drive actuators. It consists of fluid reservoir, fluid pumps, control block, fluid filters,
relief valves, accumulators, heat exchangers, EH terminal box, some standard instruments for the
alarm, indication and control of fluid pressure, fluid temperature, fluid level, one set of
self-circulation fluid filter system and one set of self-circulation cooling system.
The pumps are controlled by DEH system.

3.2 Actuators
There are 10 actuators in a typical 330MW turbine unit.
open-closed type actuator: 2 throttle valves, 2 reheat stop valves
servo-controlled type actuator: 4 governor valves, 2 interceptor valves

Servo valve
The servo valve used in the project, consists of a torque motor and a two-stage hydraulic power
amplifier with mechanical feedback (See Fig.3-1).
The first stage consists of a double-nozzle and signal flapper, the second stage spool is a four-way
sliding spool design which allows the high pressure input or output to the actuator, at a constant
pressure drop, the flow is proportional to the spool displacement from the center position.
The control signal for the servo valve is ＋/-40mA.

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 Fig.3-1 Structure of Servo Valve

Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT)

When there is relative movement between the core pole and the coil, for example, when the core
pole moves upward, the secondary coil will induce an electromotive-force which is transformed into
an electrical single and send to the DEH as negative feedback after being rectified and filtered. In
the actuator, the shell is immovable and the core pole is connected to the actuator piston rod via a
lever, The outputted electrical signals will reflect the displacement of the actuator, which also
indicates the position of the steam valve. Two LVDTs are mounted on the actuator to enhance the
reliability, high selection is carried out for feedback signals.

3.3 Emergency Trip System

The emergency trip system refers to Fig.3-2.
In order to prevent the turbine in operation from major damage due to the malfunction of some
equipment, an emergency trip system is provided. In abnormal conditions, it trips the turbine so that
the turbine is protected in safety. The emergency trip device monitors certain turbine parameters and
closes all turbine steam inlet valves when the operating limits of these parameters are exceeded.

AST Solenoid Valve

AST solenoid valve, controlled by ETS system, is energized to close during normal operation,
and, consequently, blocks the path to drain of the automatic stop emergency trip (AST) main
line fluid, the pressure fluid is built up under the bottom chamber of cylinder piston. When the
solenoid valve opens, the AST main line fluid is drained, and closes all the steam valves and
trips the turbine. The solenoid valves (20/AST) form a series -parallel configuration. When at
least one solenoid valve in each channel is opened, the AST main fluid will be drained
immediately to trip the turbine.

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OPC Solenoid Valve
The OPC solenoid valves are controlled by the OPC logic of the DEH. These two solenoid
valves, arranged in parallel, are de-energized and closed during normal operation, which, as a
result, block the path to drain of the OPC main line fluid, then builds up the pressure fluid under
the bottom chamber of governing actuator cylinder piston. When the OPC module is actuated,
such as when the speed exceed 103% of the rated speed, the two solenoid valves will be
energized, and discharge the OPC main line fluid, all the governing steam valves are
immediately closed.

Fig.3-2 Emergency Trip System

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4. DEH Control Principle

Steam turbine digital electro-hydraulic control system (DEH) consists of two different systems,
namely, the computer control system and electro-hydraulic system. The typical computer control
system mainly consists of dual redundant power supply, dual redundant controller (DPU), various
function IO modules. While the typical EH system includes oil supply system, actuators and
emergency trip system.
The computer control system performs human-machine interface interactive with operators, receives
commands from operators, displays and processes system information. Computer will process the
information from onsite and perform logic processing and calculation on the information upon
commands delivered by operator, then send out control signals to the servo system.
Electro-Hydraulic Converter receives control commands delivered by the VPC modules and moves
actuator in accordance with the commands. Actuator is connected with steam turbine valve, thus its
movement will move valve also. Therefore, the related valves are under control to perform different
requirements for steam turbine running conditions.
DEH control principle schematic diagram of typical 330MW unit refers to Fig.4.4.
DEH system is feedback control system with multi-parameters and multi-loops.
DEH system has the main function loops, such as demand set loop, detection loop, automatic control
loop, and actuator servo-control loop. Following are descriptions based on DEH system features.

4.1 Demand Set Loop

(1) Set mode：Demand set by operator, ATC or remote set by CCS, AS and RUNBACK
(2) Set Contents：target and rate values for speed, load and main steam pressure.

4.2 Important Signal Detection

(1) Analog signal
Basic control parameters: speed, load, impulse pressure of first stage, main steam pressure,
reheat steam pressure and so on.
In order to improve reliability, three transducers are applied to detect speed, load, impulse
pressure of first stage and main steam pressure signals, from which the three signals are selected
(2oo3) in the computer and then delivered to control loop.
(2) Digital signal
Basic controls main digital signal: turbine auto stop latched(ASL), generator main breaker
close/open(BR) and so on.

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 In order to improve reliability, ASL and BR signals are triple redundant, from which are
selected (2oo3) and then delivered to control loop.

4.3 Automatic Control Loop

DEH control system mainly consists of speed control loop and load control loop.
(A) Speed Control: after turbine latched and before connected to the grid, it is speed control.
Refer to Fig.4.1.

Fig.4.1 Speed Control Loop

(B) Load Control: load control is a cascade control loop, which controls the load via controlling
valves position. The inner loop is load regulation loop while the outer loop is
primary frequency modulation loop. Both loops can be on or off
automatically or manually. Therefore, it is very convenient to make various
running modes. Refer to Fig.4.2.

Fig.4.2 Load Control Loop

4.4 Servo Control Loop

DEH output signals to VPC module, which be changed into valve position setpoint, and then be
amplified output to control the servo valve and actuator. LVDT transmitter for actuator, which is
changed into voltage signals, are fed back to integrated amplifier and compared with valve position

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setpoint. Finally, actuator will stay stably at one position. Fig.4.3 shows the servo control loop
principle Schematic.

Demodulator

Dump Val ve

LVDT

Ampl i f i er Lube oi l
-
B A
Set poi nt +
Di aphr agm Val ve
T P
Ser vo Val ve
20-1/ 20-2/
AST S AST S

Check Val ve
Fi l t er
EH Oi l 20-3/ 20-4/
AST S AST S
Dr ai n

Fig.4.3 DEH Servo-Control Principle Schematic

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Fig.4.4 DEH Control Principle Schematic

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5. Control Functions of DEH

Turbine speed control and load control are basic control functions of DEH. For different type turbine,
we provide different control functions. The following DEH description is specific for 330MW unit.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

5.1 Speed Control
Formatted
Before unit connects to the grid, DEH system is executing speed control function. And its control
range is from turning-gear speed to 3400 rpm, implementing speeding up, and casing heating, fast
passing critical speed zone, synchronization, and over-speed test and load rejection control.
DEH system read three speed signals from the speed probes, after mean value selection, which are
used for compared with the speed reference given by DEH. After PID controller calculation, and then
output to control valve’s position, in order to maintain the speed at the set-point input by operators.

DEH system can work in both “Operator Auto” and “ATC ” mode.
When DEH work in operator auto mode, the operators set the target of speed, speed rate through MMI
station and click “GO”, “HOLD” button on screen to maintain speed of the turbine. Operator auto
mode is the basic control mode of DEH system. It must be first and then switch to ATC mode.
When DEH work in ATC mode, the DEH system calculate the stress of rotator and casing through
monitor and gather the steam temperature and metal temperature. According to the variety of stress,
DEH calculate the speed target and rate itself, so DEH can arrive at 3000rpm smoothly within the
stress range, waiting for the generator breaker connect to the grid.

Note: Sometimes some important signal or hardware goes fail, DEH will work in manual mode, and
can be operated through manual operation panel. It’s not recommended to work in manual mode
when turbine is speeding up. Only for emergency.

DEH speed control consists with following:

(1) Turbine Reset (remote latch)
When condition meets, the operator click “Latch” button on screen in order to reset ETS (emergency
trip system) and energize the latch solenoid valve, establish safety fluid pressure, then the turbine is
prepared for start up.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(2) Speeding up process (IP start up)
After turbine latched, 2 throttle valve(TV) and 2 reheat stop valves(RSV) are open itself, 4 governor
valves(GV) and 2 interceptor valves(IV) are closed. Operator clicks “IV control” button, set speed
target and rate, IV open slowly and turbine speeding up as command. After reaches 1000rpm,

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 maintain the speed for casing warming up. According to the HP casing temperature, DEH system will
decide whether open or close bypass valves and evacuation valves. When metal temperatures of HP
casing reach 190℃, HP bypass valves close and HP evacuation valves open automatically. Then the
speed target will be set as 3000rpm again, When it arrives 1050rpm, TVs are closed. After reaches
3000rpm, DEH system maintains the rated speed for electric test.
(3) Friction check (Optional)
In order to ensure turbine commissioning well during the start-up, it’s necessary to check the rotation
status and supervise instrument at low speed. DEH system is integrated with friction check function
governs turbine speeding up for 500rpm and maintain that speed for about 2min, then trip and close
all control valves for operators manually check.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(4) Fast passing critical speed Zone
DEH system will not allow operators to hold speed if it detects current speed is in critical speed range,
and it govern turbine speeding up in the rate as higher as possible in order to prevent excessive
vibration and keep turbine running in safe condition.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(5) Auto synchronization
DEH system can receive signal from synchronizer either directly increase or decrease turbine speed to
match the grid frequency in order to connect to the grid successfully. Interface signal between DEH
and synchronizer refer to Fig.5.1.

Fig.5.1 Interface Schematic between DEH and Synchronizer

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

5.2 Load control
After connected to the grid the turbine is under load control, which means from initial load to rated
load.
DEH can work under Operator Auto and Remote mode, and also can under ATC load control mode.
When DEH system is running in Operator Auto mode, operators can set load target and load rate, by
clicking GO and HOLD buttons on screener to adjust unit load. It provides both open and closed loop
control of MW (megawatt) loop.
Running in Remote mode means DEH system is current controlled by remote control device
(normally it’s coordinated control system) which gives load command itself, and DEH governs turbine

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 valves base on that command.
ATC mode means DEH system make judgment which load rate should be work according to
calculated stress, gathered feedback information of turbine status. Only can be applied under auto
mode, and after operators set load target. DEH choose load rate to ensure turbine stress is acceptable.

NOTE: Operators can switch to MANUAL mode on manual panel, and on that condition turbine
valves is controlled by the GV/IV UP or DOWN buttons on the panel. It’s designed for DEH
controller failure or online maintenance.

Normally DEH load control consists with following:

(1) With initial load to Connect to Grid
After the close of the generator breakers, DEH system will adjust turbine running with initial load
base on current situation preventing reverse operating.
(2) Turbine load control mode
Including open loop, close loop and CCS mode.
Open-loop control:
When it’s running in open-loop, DEH governs valves position based on calculated load reference
according set target by operators, and actual MW change with steam temp/pressure parameter. Actual
MW will match with set point under rated steam parameters.
Closed-loop control
When it’s running in closed-loop, DEH system compares actual MW with load reference and delivers
error to PID block, of which result will help governing valves precisely and make unit generate MW
meet exactly with the requirement.
CCS (coordinated control system)
When it’s running in CCS mode, DEH system is current controlled by CCS device, which gives load
set point itself, and DEH governs turbine valves based on that command. Now DEH is just kind of
actuator of CCS. Interface schematic between DEH and CCS refer to Fig.5.2.

Fig.5.2 Interface Schematic between DEH and CCS

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(3) HP Casing Switchover
This function allows to realize the HP casing switchover and the isolating of the HP casing(only in the
case of IP start-up).
The HP casing switchover can be realized in automatic mode or in manual mode. In automatic mode,
the HP casing switchover is engaged if the following conditions are realized:
A. All reference field transmitters go well.
B. Flow condition: max flow > current flow > mini flow
To ensure sufficient steam flow for HP casing after switch and
avoid flow cutting for IP casing; HPBP valve must hold its proper
position. At meantime DEH calculate max flow, current flow and
min flow preventing excessive blast friction at HP casing exhaust.
Current flow: stands for calculated necessary flow for HP casing after switch
base on current load.
Max flow: stands for max practicable flow included HPBP flow measured by
field transmitter.
Mini flow: stands for mini practicable flows through HP casing when reheat
stop valve steam pressure is predicted value. This flow calculates
base on pressure of RSV (reheat stop valve). Relations between
pressure of reheat steam and HP mini flow is in Fig.5.3.
C. Temp condition: HP casing temp calculated low limit<main steam temperature< HP casing temp
calculated high limit
To maintain rotator stress in safe range, the difference of HP
casing steam temperature and HP casing metal temperature must
be acceptable. However, main steam temperature is adjusted by
governing boiler combustion and BP valves position base on
current casing metal temperature to maintain stress is acceptable
during switch process. The relation of temperatures is in Fig.5.4.

After IP casing heating during low load running quite a while, and if the steam flow, temperature is
suitable, HP casing turn into operation.
As soon as all these conditions are verified, the HP casing switchover is engaged.
• The throttle valve open
• The HP casing evacuation valve close
• The governor valves gradually open to reach the opening corresponding to the calculated

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 flow demand.
• HP bypass valve close gradually for maintain the main steam pressure.
Switchover will finish till HP governor valves position meet calculated flow demand value, and then
steam turbine is under normal running.

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HP Casing Mini Flow（％）

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Reheat Steam Pressure（Bar ）

Fig.5.3 Relations between reheat steam pressure and HP mini flow

Required Main Steam Temp

600
500
400 主蒸汽温
度高限
300
200 主
主蒸汽温
100 度低限
0
0 200 400 600
HP Casing Temp

Fig.5.4 Relations between HP Casing Temp and Main Steam Temp

(4) Isolating of HP Casing

During switchover or low load running, GV may close and isolate HP casing in case of excessive blast
loss at HP exhaust part, that cause too low flow in HP casing to cool metal.
Isolating of HP casing condition: Low DEH calculated flow (<10％of rated flow)
Isolating process:
• The governor valves close gradually
• The HP casing evacuation valve open
• The throttle valve close
The isolating of HP casing results in governor valves closing.
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(5) Single/ Sequence Valve Transfer
DEH system provides single valve and sequence valve running mode for governor valves. Single
valve mode lead steam full admission into turbine while sequence valve mode is partial admission.
Single valve stands for every valve is governed synchronously as there is like only one valve running
while sequence valve stands for every valve is governed separately as they open or close one by one.
Single valve running ensures rotor and casing heated with steam, which results in less stress.
Sequence valve running usually is applied after unit connected with the grid, that ensure only one
valve running in throttle status and results in less loss and more heat efficiency.
Normally it’s ball-valve structure inside steam turbine valve, some are dual-seat valve structure. All
the flow curves of them are non-linearity. Thus DEH provides flow curves correction function to
modify flow curve of valve in linearity, which improve precision and stability of valves management.
Single/sequence valve transfer schematic refers to Fig.5.5.

POZ POZ

GV1-4 GV1,2 GV3 GV4

FDEM FDEM

Fig.5.5 Single/Seq Transfer Schematic

(6) Load limiter
DEH system is designed with high/low load limit function used for limitation of load set point. The
limitation value is adjustable by operators as actual need.
(7) Main steam pressure control and limitation
¾ Main steam pressure control (TCP): In order to help boiler maintain steam pressure
stability, DEH control pressure before throttle valve.
¾ Main steam pressure limitation (TPL): When steam pressure before throttle valve lower than
set point, DEH govern valves by proportional regulation in order to maintain boiler stability
running until pressure turn back to set value.
¾ TCP&TPL are interlocked control loop.
(8) Low Vacuum load limiter
Low vacuum can damage final stage blade due to overheat. So when detect unit vacuum value
dropped, DEH will limit unit load in order to protect the final stage blade.
(9) Primary frequency control

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 If required, DEH can make the turbine participate in primary frequency regulation of power grid.
DEH allow changes such as droop and dead-band. According different droop curves DEH govern
valves proportionally to meet the load change, and the dead-band is adjustable by operators as need.
So is load change limitation value. DEH also can send calculated load change value to CCS system.
Normally the droop adjustment range is 3%~7% and the droop curve is as below.
If the unit is not required for primary frequency regulation, the operator can easily switch off the
function by pressing the function push button.
∆N %

100

- 150
∆n
150 r pm
0

- 100

Fig.5.6 Primary frequency control Schematic

(10) Runback
DEH system provides runback function by fast decreasing load setpoint in order to make steam flow
match with boiler output in the occasions of the unit important auxiliary equipment failure.
¾ When it’s in closed-loop, DEH system will cut off MW control loop and quickly reduce load
set point until match with desired.
¾ When it’s in CCS control, DEH system receives CCS command and control by remote.
¾ The parameters of rates and limits for runback can be adjusted on site.

5.3 Turbine Protection

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(1) Over-speed protection
DEH system is designed with 103% and 110% over-speed protection. When turbine speed exceeds
103% (3090rpm), DEH system send out the OPC signal used for energizing OPC solenoids and
shutdown the GV and IV. When turbine speed exceeds 110% (3300rpm), DEH system send out AST
signal used for de-energizing AST solenoid and trip turbine.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(2) Load Rejection Anticipation (LDA)

Turbine will exceed extremely over speed if generator breakers suddenly disconnect to the grid when
unit is running with high load.
¾ When the intermediate discharge pressure (IEP), or a unit output related parameter, is greater than
30% of rated pressure, that means the turbine is running at the load exceeding 30% of rated load,
and at same time the main breaker rejects the unit from grids, the OPC system will send a
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 command to close the GV and IV. After a delay of 2~3 seconds the speed slows down to a level
less than 103% of rated speed, the trigger reset. If IEP<30% of rated, DEH will make judgment
on actual speed.
¾ At same time the main breaker rejects the unit from grids, DEH will set speed target 3000rpm and
maintain the speed when DEH is running under AUTO mode. If generator conditions are OK,
synchronized and connected to the grids again.
The over-speed protection and LDA principle refers to Fig.5.7.

Fig.5.7 Over-speed protection and LDA Principle

(3) IP start-up protection

This functions allows to monitor the turbine mechanical parameters so as to trip the machine via the
emergency trip system(ETS) in case of abnormal value of these parameters.
The monitored signals are as follow:
¾ Evacuation valve can not open when open command send out.
¾ Evacuation valve can not close when close command send out.
¾ HP exhaust pressure during the backwarming of the HP casing; the machine is tripped if this data
becomes greater than 1.7 MPa with the speed measure < 1000rpm.
¾ HP exhaust pressure when the HP casing is under vacuum; the machine is tripped if this data
becomes greater than 0.14 MPa during 4 minutes when the HP casing is out of operation.
¾ HP exhaust temperature: the machine is tripped if this data becomes greater than 420.
¾ Excessive thrust bearing

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 Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
5.4 Test Function
(1) Over-speed Test
DEH system provides 103%, 110% and mechanical over-speed test to ensure OPC solenoid, AST
solenoid and other protection are always ready to apply.
¾ The speed target and rate set by operator.
¾ The normal high limit of speed set point is 3050rpm. It will change if it’s in test mode：
103％ TEST： 3100
110％ TEST： 3310
111％ TEST： 3360
¾ In test mode, DEH will disable the lower over-speed protection function. For example, in
110% test mode, the 103% protection function will be disabled automatically.
¾ When speed reaches 3400rpm, DEH system will close all governor valves automatically, if
mechanical protection failed at desired speed.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
(2) Valve Leak Test
DEH system include leak test of governor valves and stop valves. When apply stop valve leak test,
DEH close all stop valves and open governor type valves. When apply governor valves leak test, DEH
close all governor valves and open stop valves. DEH record the time of turbine speed free down and
results in whether leak test is qualified.
Test Target shows the final target speed of the turbine in current steam pressure. Check if the turbine
speed is equal or lower than the Test Target while the speed is stable.

(3) Valves Test

DEH system provide valve test for all valves with full stroke test and partial stroke test.
When apply full stroke test of stop valve, first DEH close the related governor valves at the same side
then close the stop valve. When reset the test, first DEH open the stop valve and then open the related
governor valves at the same side. At the mean time, the governor valves at the other side will open up
as calculation to compensate the lost of load. Normally, operators must apply valves test as
recommend when unit is running with 60%-70% rated load.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

5.5 Communication with Other Control System
DEH system reserves some hardware interface for communication with DCS or other system such as
serial port or network adapter. MODBUS protocol is recommend.

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6. DEH Man-Machine Interface

By OPU station of DEH system, it is possible to process series operations, such as turbine start-up,
soak, auto sync, connected to the grid. various test of unit, target and rate set, modification of control
parameters and so on. DEH provides multi-window operation and display.
¾ Flowchart
¾ Real-time data
¾ Bar chart
¾ Trend Graph
¾ Alarm list
¾ Startup mode
¾ Control mode
¾ Equipment Start/stop
¾ Limit values set
¾ Control loop on/off
Below is showing some typical displaying and operation interfaces of DEH system.

Fig.6.1 DEH Control Overview

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 Fig.6.2 DEH Operation Panel

Fig.6.3 DEH Valve Position Control

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7. DEH Simulation

DEH simulator consists of simulation hardware and software. Of which the hardware is EMU
module, terminal board EMU_TB and related simulation cables. The EMU module can be plugged
into one preset I/O slot in DEH cabinet, and it can also be connected to I/O modules via cables.
Simulator can generate some procedure variables such as speed, load and steam pressure based on
mathematical models of boiler, steam turbine and generator. These variables then return to DEH
control system to form closed-loop control via I/O interface signals.
DEH simulator can carry out debugging, testing and validation of DEH equipments. DEH simulation
system can be applied to check and optimize control strategy of DEH system, demonstrate control
effects, validate control logic and analyze DEH control performance.
The EMU module has a short execution cycle, quick response, high simulation accuracy, so as to
simulate real features of steam turbine.
EMU module is optional equipment.
Arrangement of DEH simulation system is showing below.

AI_R

AI_S
D37pin

D37pin
AI_T

EMU_TB
网络电缆

编程电缆 EMU
F34pin

便携机 SDP_R

D37pin
SDP_S
CRT

D37pin
SDP_T

D37pin

SDP_TB

键盘

Fig.7.1 Arrangement of DEH Simulation System

Notice：Pure software simulation can be used, if no EMU simulator.

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