CHAPTER 14

STATISTICS
(PART OF UT-1)
 Introduction
Data
 Numerical figures collected with a definite
purpose

 Plural of datum

 Meaningful information is expected

 Statistics
 Branch of mathematics dealing with
1. Collection
2. Organisation
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation of data

 Literal meaning: political state

 Derived from: Latin word: ‘Status’

Italian word: ‘Statista’

German Word: ‘Statistic’
 Types of data
1. Primary data: collected by the
investigator himself

2. Secondary data: Collected by

someone but used by another for
his/her study
 Exercise 14.1

Q1. Give five examples of data that

you can collect from day –to- day
life.

Q2. Classify the data in Q1 above

as primary or secondary data.
 Basic terminology
 Frequency of an observation: The number of times
an observation is repeated.

 Range: Highest value obs. – Lowest value obs.

TallyMarks: For the purpose of counting, made in

bunch of fives.

Frequency distribution table: A tabular arrangement

of
data
 Presentation of data
 Raw/ungrouped data : the data
obtained in original form

 Grouped Data: Condensed into

groups or classes
 Presentation of Data
Ungrouped
1. Serial order
2. Ascending order
3. Descending order
4. Frequency distribution table using
tally method
Exercise 14.2, Q1.
Presentation of Data : Grouped
Various terms related to classes:
 Class Interval

Example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 etc.

 Class limits:

Lower Limit & Upper Limit

 Class Size/width = Difference of two

consecutive lower or upper limits

 Class Marks =
Exercise 14.2
 Graphical Representation of
data

1. Bar Graph
2. Histogram
3. Frequency polygon