PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
AGENDA

• Graphical representation of data

• General rules for graphical representation of data
• Stem and leaf display
• Boxplot
• Simple bar chart
• Multiple bar chart
• Component bar chart
• Histogram
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

• Graphical representation of data is the visual display of

statistical data in the form of points ,line area and other
geometrical forms and symbols.
• It is easy to understand
• One of the most important learning strategies.
GENERAL RULES FOR GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA:

The are certain rules to effectively present the information in the graphical
representation which are as follows:
• Suitable Title:
The graph should be given an appropriate title which indicates the subject of the graph.
• Proper Scale:
Proper scale should be given to represent the data in an accurate manner.
• Index:
Index the appropriate colour , shades ,lines ,design in the graphs for better understanding.
• Data Source:
It is necessary the source of data should be included at the bottom of graph.
STEM AND LEAF DISPLAY

• A stem and leaf plot, or stem plot, is a technique used to sort and displaying
data sets where each number in the data set is divided into two parts , a Stem
and a Leaf.
• A stem is the leading digit(s) of each number used in sorting.
• A leaf is the rest of the number or the trailing digit(s) in display.
• A vertical line used to separate the leaf from the stem.
• It provide a useful description of the data set .
EXAMPLE

The ages of 30 patients admitted to a certain hospital during a particular

week were as follows:
48 31 54 37 18 64 61 43 40 71 51 12 52 65 53
42 39 62 74 48 29 67 30 49 68 35 57 26 27 58
Construct a stem and leaf display from the data and list the data in an array.
SOLUTION
Stem(leading digit) Leaf( trailing digit)
1 8 2
2 9 6 7
3 1 7 9 0 5
4 8 3 0 2 8 9
5 4 1 2 3 7 8
6 4 1 5 2 7 8
7 1 4

To get the array, we associate the leaves in order of size with the stems as shown
below:
12, 18, 26, 27,29, 30, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 48, 48, 49
51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68 , 71 , 74
BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

••  Box and whisker is useful when data is reasonably large.

• This diagram consists of a rectangle in the central part of the observed data
• Whiskers are drawn to the lowest and highest values from the rectangle.
• The limits of the box are the upper and lower quartiles. i.e.

• A line is drawn within the box to indicate the position of the median
 BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

• This diagram is a five-number summary presented in the form of a diagram

which are as follows:
1.Minimum value in the data
2.Maximum value in the data
3.Median(the central observation)
4.First quartile
5.Third quartile
 BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

X
Minimum x
value Maximum
 𝑄 1 Median  𝑄 2 value
BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

• Minimum value is the smallest value in the data

•  
• Maximum value is the largest value in the data

• Median is a value which divides a data set that have been ordered into two equal parts.

• If n is odd ,then median is observation

• If n is even, then median is

 BOX AND WHISKER PLOT (CONT.)

•  
• For the grouped data ,median is calculated by the relation
median
where lower class boundary of the class containing the median
width of the class containing the median
frequency of the class containing median
is used to locate the median class
C=Cumulative frequency of the class proceeding to the median class
BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

•  Quartiles are the values in the order statistics that divide the data into four equal parts.
• First Quartile is lower quartile which is given as follows:
• If n is odd ,then first quartile is observation
• If n is even, then lower quartile is
 BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

•  
• For the grouped data ,lower Quartile is calculated by the relation
median
where lower class boundary of the class
width of the class
frequency of the class
is used to locate the model class
C=Cumulative frequency of the class proceeding to the model class
BOX AND WHISKER PLOT

•  Third quartile is also called upper quartile and is given as follows

• If n is odd ,then third quartile is observation
• If n is even, then upper quartile is
BOX AND WHISKER PLOT
•  
• For the grouped data upper Quartile is calculated by the relation
median
where lower class boundary of the class
width of the class
frequency of the class
is used to locate the model class
C=Cumulative frequency of the class proceeding to the model class
EXAMPLE
•  The final plant height of thirty plants of wheat is
87,87,88,89,89,90,91,91,92,95,96,96,97,98,98,98,99,99,100,100,101,101,102,103,105,105,
106,107,107,112
Construct the box and whisker diagram?
Solution:
n=30, minimum value=87, maximum value=112

Median=
median= = =98
EXAMPLE

••  Lower quartile=   observation

=8 observation
=91
Upper quartile = observation
=23
=102
EXAMPLE

X
X
87 91 98 102
112
SIMPLE BAR CHART

• A simple bar chart consists of horizontal or vertical bars of equal widths

and length proportional to the values .
• The space separating the bars should not exceed the width of the bar
• The bars should neither be exceedingly long and narrow nor short and
broad.
• The vertical chart is an effective way for presenting a time series data.
• The horizontal bars are useful for geographical distribution.
 EXAMPLE

Draw a simple bar chart to represent the profit(million $) of a bank for 5

years?

Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Profits
10 12 18 25 42
(million $)
SOLUTION:

Simple Bar chart showing the profit of a bank for 5 years

MULTIPLE BAR CHART

• A Multiple Bar Chart shows two or more characteristics to

the values of a common variable in the form of grouped bars.
• The length of the bars are proportional to the values of the
characteristics.
• It is a good device for the comparison of two or three kinds
of information.
 EXAMPLE

Draw a multiple bar chart for the following data which represented the sales ,net profit and
gross profit in a production of a company for the period from `1974 to 1977?

Net
Years Sales(Rs.) Gross Profit(Rs.)
Profit(Rs.)
1974 100 30 10
1975 120 40 15
1976 130 45 25
1977 150 50 25
SOLUTION:

Multiple Bar Diagram showing the sales ,gross profit and net
profit
COMPONENT BAR CHART

• A component bar chart is an effective technique in which

each bar is divided into two or more sections.
• The sections are proportional in size to the component parts.
• This chart are used to represent the cumulation of the
various component of data.
• A component bar chart is also known as sub-divided bars
 EXAMPLE

Draw a Component bar chart for the following data which represented the sales ,net profit
and gross profit in a production of a company for the period from `1974 to 1977?

Net
Years Sales(Rs.) Gross Profit(Rs.) Total turnover
Profit(Rs.)
1974 100 30 10 140
1975 120 40 15 175
1976 130 45 25 200
1977 150 50 25 225
SOLUTION

Component Bar chart showing the total turnover of a

company production .
 HISTOGRAM

••  
A histogramconsists of a set of adjacent rectangles whose bases are marked off
by class boundaries on the X-axis and heights are proportional to the
frequencies.
• The area of each rectangles represents the respective class frequencies.
• In case of unequal interval of a class, the adjusted frequency are constructed
which is taken on y-axis instead of frequencies.
adjusted frequency=
• In case of equal class interval , frequencies are taken on x-axis.
 EXAMPLE

Construct a histogram for the following frequency distribution relating to the ages of
telephone operators.

Ages 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59

No. of
9 188 160 123 84 15
operators
 SOLUTION:

As the class intervals are unequal, the height of each rectangle can be adjusted by calculated
the adjusted frequencies.
Class Proportional
Ages Frequency Class interval
Boundaries Heights
18-19 9 17.5-19.5 2 9/2=4.5
20-24 188 19.5-24.5 5 37.5
25-29 160 24.5-29.5 5 32
30-34 123 29.5-34.5 5 24.6
35-44 84 34.5-44.5 10 8.4
45-59 15 44.5-59.5 15 1.0
SOLUTION