PHONETICS AND

PHONOLOGY
PHONETICS: SPEECH SOUNDS
 PHONOLOGY

• the study of word-to-word relations in sentences; that is, how sound

patterns are affected by the combination of words. For example,
/g∂v/give and /h∂m/ him may combine to /g∂v∂m/ give him.
 PHONOLOGY

• Phonology involves two studies:

a. Phonetics: The study of the production, transmission, and reception

of speech sound.
b. Phonemic: the study of the sounds and sound patterns of a specific
language
 THREE STAGES IN SPEECH
CHAIN
• The production of the message
• The transmission of the message
• The reception of the message
• Articulatory phonetics
• Acoustic phonetics
• Auditory phonetics
 THE PRINCIPAL CAVITIES OR
RESONATORS:

-the pharyngeal cavity

-the oral cavity
-the labial cavity
-the nasal cavity
 THE ORGAN OF SPEECH

• The jaw • The teeth ridge

• The tongue • The uvula (alveolar ridge)
• The lips • The larynx
• The hard palate • The vocal cords
• The teeth • The pharynx
• The soft palate
DIAGRAM OF SPEECH ORGAN
 THE POSITION OF THE VELUM

Nasal Articulation

Oral articulation

/m/ main, demand, seem

/p, t, k, b, d, g, s, z, f, v, ∫, , ð, t
/n/ nest, deny, sin
∫ , d ʒ/
/ŋ/ singer, bang
 DEFINITION OF CONSONANTS
AND VOWELS
• Consonants: the sounds in the production of which there is
an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal
tract .
• Vowels: the sounds in the production of which no
articulators come very close together and the air-stream
passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
 CONSONANTS

The place of articulation

The manner of articulation

 (2) PLACE OF ARTICULATION

• When describing the place of articulation, what we usually

consider is the place within the vocal tract where the
articulators form a structure.
PLACE OR POINT OF
ARTICULATION
 MANNER OF ARTICULATION

-the way in which a speech sound is produced by the speech organs.

A. Voiced
B. Voiceless Sounds
 VOICED SOUNDS
• Speech sounds which are produced with the vocal cords vibrating are
called “voiced”. Such vibration can be felt when touching the neck in the
region of the larynx .

For example:
a. the /d/ in /den/ den is a voiced
b. the /z/ in /zɪŋk/ zinc is a voiced
 VOICELESS SOUNDS

• Speech sounds which are produced without vibration of the vocal cords

For example, in English:

A. the /t/ in /tɪn/ tin is a voiceless
B. the /s/ in /sæd/ sad is a voiceless
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
VOWELS
 VOWELS

monophthong e.g. [u]

diphthong e.g. [au] [uə]

triphthong e.g. [auə]

 SUPRASEGMENTALS
• Stress
• Pitch
• Tone
• Intonation

They relate to aspects of pronunciation that go beyond the production of

individual segments.
PITCH
AND
TONE
 RATE
• A good rate of speech ranges between 140 -160 words per minute (wpm).
• A rate higher than 160 words per minute can be difficult for the listener to
absorb the material.
• There may be some areas of the country that speak at faster rates but a
slower rate is preferable
 RESONANCE
• Speech resonance is the result of the transfer of sound produced by the
vocal folds through the vocal tract comprised of the pharynx, oral cavity,
and nasal cavity (Kummer, 2020a; Peterson-Falzone, Trost-Cardamone,
Karnell, & Hardin-Jones, 2017).
• The vocal tract filters this sound, selectively enhancing harmonics based on
the size and/or shape of the vocal tract.
 INTONATION
• is about how we say things, rather than what we say.
• Without intonation, its impossible to understand the expressions and
thoughts that go with words.
• Listen to somebody speaking without paying attention to the words: the
melody you hear is the intonation.
 EMPHASIS

• In writing and speech, the emphasis is the repetition of key words and
phrases or the careful arrangement of words to give them special weight
and prominence. The most emphatic spot in a sentence is usually the end.
 JUNCTURE
• The transition or mode of transition from one sound to another in speech.
The definition of juncture is a specific point in time or a place where two
things meet. An example of juncture is a time when a problem becomes
known.
• An example of juncture is the corner of a street where two streets meet.
• The set of features in speech that enable a hearer to detect a word or phrase
boundary, e.g., distinguishing I scream from ice cream.
 ENUNCIATION

• the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its

intelligibility to the audience diction articulation - the aspect of
pronunciation that involves bringing articulatory organs together so as to
shape the sounds of speech
 PARALANGUAGE
• The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can
include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.
• The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation,
resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique 'voice
print'.
• Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and
segregates. Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as
laughing, crying, and yawning
 REFERENCE
• https://www.slideshare.net/dewiitusurya/phonetics-and-phonology-ppt
• https://pediaa.com/difference-between-pitch-and-tone/#:~:text=The%20main
%20difference%20between%20pitch%20and%20tone%20is,with%20reference%20to
%20its%20pitch%2C%20quality%2C%20and%20strength.
• www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Resonance-Disorders/
• clearly-speaking.com/what-is-the-ideal-rate-of-speech/
• https://www.slideshare.net/honeyravian1/intonation-11414317
• simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication
• www.thefreedictionary.com/enunciation
• www.yourdictionary.com/juncture