A biochemical pathway that involves the oxidation

of acetate to carbon dioxide in order to generate

energy.

The entire process occurs twice for each pyruvate

molecule produced in Glycolysis

The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the

cell.
Composed of a series of redox, dehydration,
hydration, and decarboxylation reactions
Pyruvate is oxidized to form Acetyl-CoA by
the enzyme called, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Complex (PDC)

This reaction produces 1 mol of

CO₂ and NADH each

Acetyl-CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate using

the enzyme Citrate Synthase to form the
compound Citrate.
 Citrate is isomerized into its isomer,
Isocitrate by an enzyme called Aconitase.

Isomerization* – a process where in a molecule is transformed into

another molecule with the exact same atoms, but the atoms have a
different arrangement
 The first Redox reaction in the cycle

- Isocitrate is oxidized into Oxalosuccinate

by NAD
Oxalosuccinate
NAD is reduced to form NADH

- Oxalosuccinate undergoes
decarboxylation, which produces Alpha-
Ketoglutarate

Decarboxylation* – Removal of one carbon atom CO₂ is released in the process

Total Yield: 1 CO₂ and 1 NADH (first yield)

The second Redox reaction in the cycle

Alpha-Ketoglutarate with NAD and

Coenzyme A (CoA) are converted into
Succinyl CoA by the enzyme
Alphaketoglutarate Dehydrogenase.

NAD is reduced to NADH and CO₂ is

released in the process.

Total Yield: 1 CO₂ and 1 NADH (second

yield)
(First Half of the Krebs Cycle)
 - 1 GDP and 1 Phosphate Group within the
cell reacts with Succinyl CoA by the enzyme
Succinyl CoA Synthase

- Enzyme Succinyl CoA Synthase removes

Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) in the process to form
Succinate

The GDP and Phosphate Group

combine together to release GTP
GTP/GDP* – Has a similar phosphate group build like ATP/ADP
therefore, similar amount of energy but not equivalent molecules
Total Yield: 1 GTP (third yield)
The third Redox reaction in the cycle

- Succinate is dehydrogenated by FAD by

the enzyme Succinate Dehydrogenase to
produce Fumarate

FAD is reduced to FADH₂ in this

reaction

Total Yield: 1 FADH₂ (fourth yield)

 The enzyme Fumarase catalyzes the
Fumarase addition of water in the cell to the
Fumarate to produce Malate
The fourth and last Redox reaction in the
cycle

1. Malate is oxidized to Oxaloacetate by the

enzyme Malate Dehyrdrogenase

NAD is reduced to NADH in this

reaction

Total Yield: 1 NADH (fifth yield)

(Second Half of the Krebs Cycle)
 FA

1. It is a biological pathway that involves the oxidation of acetate to carbon dioxide in

order to generate energy. KREBS CYCLE

2. It is where the cycle occurs. MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

3. How many redox reactions occur in the cycle? 4 REDOX REACTIONS

4-7. What are the products of Krebs cycle and how many molecules are produced for
each? 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 GTP, 2 CO₂

8. How many steps are there in the Krebs cycle? 8 STEPS

9. How many times does the Krebs cycle occur? 2X

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