Paints and Coatings

The Case of the Careening

Motorcycle
 A motorcyclist is charged with drunk driving
(motorcycling?) and with damaging a police
car. He claimed that he was driving his
motorcycle on Woodward Ave. in Detroit and
was sideswiped by a white police car which
caused him to hit another white police car that
was parked on the street
 There was another police car in the area but
the driver claimed that his car was not
involved in the incident.
Careening Motorcycle (2)
 White paint smears and chips were
found embedded in parts of the blue
motorcycle and some flecks of blue
paint were found in the white paint of
the parked motorcycle.
 No visible damage was found on the
other police car.
Careening Motorcycle (3)
 Of what value would paint analysis be in
this case? Could it determine who is
telling the truth? Is there any other
physical evidence that could determine
ground truth in this case?
Introduction

 Chemistry of paint very complex

 Forensic role is to compare paint
evidence from scene to known
source
 Individual evidence only in cases
where large enough paint samples
exist to physically match
Definitions
 PAINT: A suspension of pigment in a
film former (also called vehicle)
 Usually not a solution. Pigment is suspended
in film former
 Pigment is usually mixture of inorganic metal
salts. Purpose is to impart color
 Film former is usually organic polymer(s).
Purposes are to protect surface and hold
pigments
What are some of the uses for paint?

 Art works
 Decoration (residential paints)
 Protection of a surface (rust inhibiting
auto paints)
 Warnings (reflective paint, fluorescent
paint)
Paint Cross Section
Other Coatings
 Varnish: A film former, commonly
polyurethane, dissolved in a solvent, which
normally doesn’t contain a stain. Purpose is
to protect wood
 Stain: A mixture of organic dyes dissolved in
solvent. Made to penetrate wood and stain
in. Does not protect
 Enamel: originally a glossy, thermosetting
paint. Now any paint which dries glossy
How does paint dry?
 When paint dries, a thin polymer film is formed that
adheres to the surface and suspends the pigments.
Paint dries by a number of different mechanisms:
 Solvent evaporation
 Rust proof paints
 Heating (thermosetting)
 Automotive
 Oxidation
 Drying oils, artistic paints
 Linseed oil
Paint As Evidence
 Paint chips: Pieces of paint which
have come off surface. They usually
contain all of the layers of the paint
 Paint smears: The top layer of paint
which has loosened owing to being wet
or air oxidation. Smears onto another
surface after brushing contact. Layer
structure is not present
Analysis of Paint

 Color layer analysis

 Requires cross section of paint chip
 Cannot be done on paint smears
 Same number and order of layers
 Relative thickness must be same
 Is a class test (but see case at end of
lecture)
Paint Cross Section
Analysis of Paint

 Solubility
 Use solvents such as acetone,
dichloromethane, pyridine. Acrylic
lacquers are soluble in acetone
 Pyrolysis GC
 Analysis of film formers
 Bulk technique, all layers analysed together
Pyrolyzing Unit
Analysis of Paint
 Pyrolysis GC
Analysis of Paint
 FTIR
 Will determine type of film former
 Does not show pigments unless they
are organic
 Is a bulk method: if more than one layer
is present, IR will be a composite
FTIR of Automobile Paint
Analysis of Paint
 Electron microscopy
 Inorganic pigments
 Excellent for single, top layer analysis and
paint smears
 UV-visible spectrophotometry
 Must be able to separate pigment from film
former and dissolve it
The Case of the 11 Layer Paint Chip

 Hit and run case

 Paint chips left at crime scene on victim
 Chips had 11 distinct layers of various
colors
 Samples taken from suspect auto
showed 11 layers with matching color-
layer sequencing
The Case of the 11 Layer Paint Chip

 Paint examiner testified that paint found

at scene CAME FROM THE SUSPECT
CAR (individualized chip to car)
 Defense attorney asked examiner the
following hypothetical question: “What
would your conclusion have been if
there had been only 10 matching
layers?”
The Case of the 11 Layer Paint Chip

 Where is the defense attorney going

with this line of questioning?
 Why does this question present a
problem for the examiner?
 How would you answer defense
attorney’s question?
The Case of the 11 Layer Paint Chip

 One possible answer to question: “I

cannot give you a definitive answer. I
take each case on an individual basis
and reach a conclusion based on the
evidence in that case. It would not be
possible to generalize about an optimal
number of layers of paint that are
present.”