Professional Documents
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Clutch
Clutch
UNIT-5
POWER TRAINS:
General Arrangement of Clutch, Principle of Friction
clutches, Torque transmitted, Constructional details, Fluid
flywheel, Single plate, Multi plate and Centrifugal clutches
Gear box: Necessity for gear ratios in transmission,
Synchronous gear boxes, 3,4 and 5 speed gear boxes, Free
Wheeling mechanism, Planetary gears systems, over drives,
fluid coupling and torque converters, Epicyclic gear box,
principle of automatic transmission, calculation of gear
ratios, Numerical calculations for torque transmission by
clutches.
Introduction
A Transmission system uses a clutch, gear box, propeller
shaft and a differential gear to transmit power from
engine to the road wheels
The power may be transmitted to rear or front or all four
wheels depending on the drive used
The clutch and gear box varies the ratio of torque output
to torque input
The propeller shaft transmits final torque to the rear
axle from gear box
A differential gear equally distributes the final torque
between the road wheels.
Functions of Transmission System
It disconnects engine from driving wheels when
required
The engine is connected to driving wheels when
required
It changes ratio of torque output to torque input, as
desired
It turns the drive through a right angle
Clutch
A clutch is a mechanical
device which transmits motion
from one shaft to the other which are along a straight
line or same axis of rotation.
A Clutch is a machine member used to connect the
driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the driven shaft
may be started or stopped when ever needed, without
stopping the driving shaft.
Location of The Clutch
Requirements of a clutch
1. Friction Clutches:
a. Single plate clutch
b. Multi plate clutch----i)Wet ii)Dry
c. Cone clutch---i)External ii) Internal
2. Centrifugal Clutch
3. Semi-centrifugal clutch
4. Conical spring clutch or diaphragm clutch
a. Tapered finger type
b. Crown spring type
5. Positive Clutch—Dog and spline clutch
6.Hydraulic clutch
7.Electro magnetic clutch
8.Vaccum clutch
9. Over running clutch or free wheel clutch
Single Plate Clutch
Working
It has only one clutch plate mounted on the splines of clutch shaft.
Pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel through clutch springs and is
free to slide on the clutch shaft when the clutch pedal is operated.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate moves back
against the force of the springs and clutch plate becomes free
between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
Thus, the flywheel remains rotating as long as the engine is running
and the clutch shaft speed reduces slowly and finally stops rotating.
As soon as the pedal is pressed, clutch is said to be disengaged
otherwise it remains engaged due to spring forces.
Used in Ford V8 truck, Tata trucks, Premier President,
Hindustan Ambassador, Bajaj Matador, Mahindra Jeep
Cover assembly of single plate clutch
Multiplate Clutch
Working
The centrifugal clutch uses centrifugal force instead of spring force for
keeping it in the engaged position. Also it does not require clutch pedal to
operate it.
The clutch is operated automatically depending upon the engine speed. The
engine can be stopped in gear without stalling the engine.
Similarly vehicle can be started in any gear pressing the accelerator pedal.
It consists of weight A pivoted at B. When the engine speed increases the
weights fly off due to the centrifugal force, operating the bell crank lever P
which presses the plate C.
The movement of the plate C presses the spring E Which ultimately
presses the clutch plate D on the flywheel against spring G. This makes the
Clutch engaged.
The spring G keeps the clutch disengaged at low speeds at about 500 rpm.
Stop H limits the movement of the weights due to the centrifugal force.
Semi-Centrifugal clutch
Clutch operation methods
Mechanically
Electromagnetic operation
Hydraulic operation
Vacuum operation
Clutch by wire
Electromagnetic clutch
Hydraulically operated single plate clutch
Vacuum operation clutch
Clutch by wire
In this system there is no mechanical link between the clutch
and the pedal
The clutch pedal is electronically controlled by means of an
Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and an actuator
A sensor on the pedal measures its exact position which is
transmitted to ECU
Information about the car’s behavior from other sensors is
also transmitted to ECU, which then operates the clutch
through the actuator
Advantages are improved drive ability, better pedal feel and
less wear due to absence of mechanical linkage
Wet clutch
Description Wet clutch Dry clutch
Heat dissipation Good Bad
Life Longer life Short
Torque Lower Higher
transmission
Clamping force More Less
Coefficient of Less due to oil More
friction presence
Coil spring single plate clutch
Diaphragm clutch
Advantages of diaphragm w.r.t coil spring
Torque Transmitted
T= µ W(ro+ri)/2
T= µWR
Effective Mean Radius R= (ro+ri)/2
T=2µWR
Problem-1
The engine of a car employing a single plate friction
clutch develops maximum torque of 150Nm. External
diameter of the clutch plate is 1.2 times its internal
diameter. Determine the dimensions of the clutch
plate and the axial force provided by the springs. The
maximum allowable pressure intensity for the clutch
facings is 100KPa and coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Assume uniform wear.
Problem-2
An automobile clutch has a clutch plate of 160mm
inside and 240 mm outside diameter. Six springs in the
clutch provide a total force of 4.8KN, when the clutch is
new and each spring is compressed 5 mm. the maximum
torque developed by the automobile engine is 250 Nm.
Determine
i. Factor of safety for the new clutch and
ii. The amount of wear of the clutch facing that will
take place before the clutch starts slipping. Assume
coefficient of friction for the facing is 0.3
Problem-3
Determine the size of the clutch plate suitable for an
Ambassador car employing a single plate type of
friction clutch and developing 37.5 KW at 4200rpm.
The inside diameter of the clutch plate is 0.6 times its
outside diameter and it is to be ensured that even after
a loss of 30% of the engine torque due to wear of the
clutch facing, the clutch does not slip. The intensity
of pressure on the facing is not to exceed 70kPa.
Assume µ=0.3
Problem-4
Single plate friction clutch is to be designed for an Ashok
Leyland bus developing 80.85 kW at 2400 rpm. The
maximum torque developed however is 376 Nm at 1600 rpm.
A maximum wear of clutch facing of 3 mm is to be allowed,
when the clutch must transmit at least 25% excess torque. A
pressure intensity of 190kPa can be safely allowed and ratio
Inside dia/ outside dia= 0.6 is considered reasonable.
a) Calculate clutch plate dimensions
b) If 9 springs are used and initial spring force is to be 1.2
times the spring force after allowable wear of 3 mm, find
out the spring stiffness. Assume µ=0.35.
Design details of Multi plate clutch