 The Bacteria are a group of single-cell

microorganisms with prokaryotic

cellular configuration.
 The genetic material (DNA) of

prokaryotic cells exists unbound in the

cytoplasm of the bacterial cells with No
nucleus, No organelles (mitochondria,
chloroplast, Golgi, etc.)
Unit of measurement in
bacteriology is the micron
(micrometre, µm)
Bacteria of medical

importance
◦0.2 – 1.5 µm in diameter
◦3 – 5 µm in length
 Bacteria are classified by direct examination
with the light microscope through its
morphology and aggregation
 The basic forms are
 spheres (coccus)
 round-ended cylinders (bacilli)
 vibrio (coma shaped or curved )
 filamentous (long filaments)
 spirochete (many coils)
 Rods (bacilli)

 Coccoid-Shaped

 Spirilla

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 6
 bacteria overall shape is spherical or nearly
spherical .
 Aggregations of Cocci
 pairs, or diplococci (Neisseria)
 groups of four or eight known as tetrads

(Micrococci)
 bead-like chains, or streptococci

(Streptococcus)
 grapelike clusters, or staphylococci

(Staphylococcus
 Coccus

Cocci in pair – Diplococcus

Tetrad – groups of four

Cocci in chain - Streptococci

Cocci in cluster - Staphylococci Sarcina – groups of eight

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9
Comma shaped
Spirilla

Spirochetes

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 10
 A-essential structural components

 B-Non essential structural components

cell wall
 Cytoplasm membrane
 a nucleoid (DNA)
 Ribosomes
found in all bacteria ,except mycoplasma .
 Peptidoglycans (mucopeptides,

glycopeptides, mureins)
 The Cell wall

Gram Positive Gram Negative

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
function of bacterial cell wall

 A. protect bacterial from osmotic pressure .

 B. give the bacteria it is shape .
 C. division started from the cell wall
 is a typical phospholipid bilayer and protein .
  Permeability barrier; transport of solutes;

energy generation; location of numerous

enzyme systems
 the bacterial chromosome is not enclosed
inside of a membrane-bound nucleus but
instead resides inside the bacterial
cytoplasm.
 is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane,

nor does it contain a mitotic apparatus.

 negatively charged, circular, supercoiled,

double-stranded DNA.
 Responsible of transfer of cellular information

.
 have a sedimentation coefficient of 70S and
are composed of 30S and 50S subunits .
  are the sites of action of many antibiotics

that inhibit protein biosynthesis.

  are membrane-bound if engaged in protein

biosynthesis.
Capsule
 flagella .
 pili (or fimbriae)
 Plasmid
 Endospores
 mesosome
is a well-defined structure of polysaccharide
some are simple (though unusual)
polypeptides surrounding a bacterial cell and
is external to the cell wall.
 protects the bacteria from phagocytosis and

plays a role in bacterial adherence and

colonization .
 The capsule polysaccharide can be use as

vaccine .
 some times, it is referred to as a slime layer.

 are protein called flagellin, for
locomotion(motility).

Medical importance of flagella are :

 - movement of bacteria
 -Spreading of infection e. g. urinary tract

infection
Pili are proteinaceous hair-like projections
 They are composed of molecules of a protein

called pilin
 There are two general classes, common pili

and sex pili .

 Common pili(fimbriae) cover the surface of

the cell cases adhesions of bacteria to the

human cells and responsible for the ability of
bacteria to colonize surfaces and cells.
 Cocci do not have flagella

Peritrichous monotrichous
(or amphi, or lophotrichous

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 25
 are convoluted invaginations of the plasma
membrane.
  function in DNA replication and cell

division as well as in secretion.

 are small, circular, nonchromosomal, double-
stranded DNA molecules.
  are capable of self-replication.
  are most frequently extrachromosomal, but

may become integrated into bacterial DNA.

  contain genes that confer protective

properties, such as antibiotic resistance,

virulence factors.
 are formed as a survival response to certain
adverse nutritional conditions, such as
depletion of a certain resource.
  are metabolically inactive bacterial cells

that are highly resistant to desiccation, heat,

and various chemicals.
  germinate under favorable nutritional

conditions after an activation process that

involves damage to the spore coat.

  are not reproductive structures.

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