SSD - UNIT- II

SSD - UNIT- II

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 SSD - UNIT- II

Outline
Introduction
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
Step Down Class A Chopper
Step Up Class B Chopper
Two-quadrant Control
Four-quadrant Control
References

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 SSD - UNIT- II
Power Electronic Converters
for DC Drives
Power electronics converters are used to obtain
variable voltage
Highly efficient
Ideally lossless
Type of converter used is depending on voltage
source :
AC voltage source  Controlled Rectifiers
Fixed DC voltage source
 DC-DC converters (switch mode
converters)
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives

To obtain variable DC voltage from fixed DC source
Self-commutated devices preferred (MOSFETs, IGBTs,
GTOs) over thyristors
Commutated by lower power control signal
Commutation circuit not needed
Can be switched at higher frequency for same rating
 Improved motor performance (less ripple, no discontinuous
currents, increased control bandwidth)
Suitable for high performance applications
Regenerative braking possible up to very low speeds
even when fed from fixed DC voltage source
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
- Step Down Class A Chopper
Motoring
Q2 Q1
Provides positive output
Q3 Q4 T
voltage and current Ia
S
Average power flows from
source to load (motor)
Ra
Switch (S) operated
Va
periodically with period T La
V D

Ea

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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Step Down Class A Chopper S Ia

Motoring
S is ON (0  t  ton) Ra
Ia
Va

V La
Ra D
Va
V La Ea

Ea •Va = V Duty
•Ia flows to motor Interval
dia ( ia  )
Raia  La  E V •|Ia| increases
dt
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Step Down Class A Chopper S Ia

Motoring
S if OFF (ton  t  T) Ra
Ia
Va

V La
D
Ra
Va
ID La Ea

•Va = 0
Ea Freewheeling
•Ia freewheels through
Interval
dia diode DF ( ia  )
Raia  La E 0
dt •|Ia| decreases
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DC – DC Converter Fed SSD - UNIT- II

- Step Down Class A Chopper

Motoring
ton
Duty cycle   where T  chopper period
T
Under steady-state conditions:
Motor side: Va  Ra I a  E Duty
Interval Freewheeling
Chopper side, average armature ( ia  ) Interval
voltage: Va  V ( ia  )

Therefore,
V  Va  Ra I a  E
Hence, average armature current:
V  E
Ia 
Ra T
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
- Step Up Class B Chopper 
Regenerative Braking
Provides positive output voltage and Q2 Q1
negative average output current Q3 Q4 T
Average power flows from load (motor) to
source Ia
• Possible for speed
D above rated speed
Ra and down to nearly
Va zero speed
S La
• Application:
Switch (S) V • Battery operated
operated vehicles
periodically
Ea
• Regenerated
with period T power stored in
battery 10
 SSD - UNIT- II
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
- Step Up Class B Chopper Ia

Regenerative Braking D
Ra
S is ON (0  t  ton)
Ia  Va = 0 (diode blocks V) Va
 ia increases due to E V S La
Ra (since E > Va)
Va  Mechanical energy
S Ea
La converted to electrical
(i.e. generator)
 Energy stored in La
Energy
Ea  Any remaining energy
Storage
dissipated in Ra and S Interval
dia ( ia  )
Raia  La E
dt
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 SSD - UNIT- II
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
- Step Up Class B Chopper Ia
Regenerative Braking
D
S if OFF (ton  t  T) Ra
Ia ia flows through diode Va
D and source V V S La
Ra ia decreases in
Va negative direction
Ea
V La Energy stored in La &
energy supplied by
Duty
Ea
machine are fed to
the source Interval
( ia  )
dia
Raia  La V  E
dt
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Step Up Class B Chopper

Regenerative Braking
Duty cycle ton Negative because
 where T  chopper period current flows from
T motor to source
Under steady-state conditions
Generator side: Va  E  Ra I a Energy
Storage Duty
Chopper side, average armature Interval Interval
voltage: Va  1   V ( ia  ) ( ia  )
Therefore,
1   V  Va  E  Ra I a
Hence, average armature current:
E  1   V
Ia 
Ra T
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Two-quadrant Control No Speed

Combination of Class A & B choppers Reversal
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)

Forward braking Q2 – T2 and D1 (Class B)
Q2 Q1
+
Q3 Q4 T
T1
V D1 • Va always +ve   always +ve
• Ia can be +ve or –ve
+ • Do not fire both switches
T2 Va
together  short circuit at
D2 -
supply
-

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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)
T1 conducting: Va = V (ia )  D2 conducting: Va = 0 (ia )

+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va

Va 
- -

Average Va = 1V,
1 = (ton T1 / T ), 2 = 0 Average
Va Ea

T1 chopping •Average Va positive

T2 always
ON & OFF OFF •Average Va made larger
than back emf Ea
•Ia positive 16
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
Forward braking Q2 – T2 and D1 (Class B)
D1 conducting: Va = V (ia )  T2 conducting: Va = 0 (ia )

+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va

Va 
- -

Average Va =(1 - 2)V,

1 = 0, 2 = (ton T2 / T ) Average
Ea
Va
•Average Va positive
T1 always T2 chopping
ON & OFF •Average Va made smaller
OFF than back emf Ea
•Ia negative (motor acts as 17
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Two-quadrant Control
For fast transition from motoring (Q1) to braking
(Q2) and vice versa, both T1 and T2 are controlled
simultaneously, i.e. within a period T:
T1 in ON and T2 is OFF between time 0 < t ≤ ton
 If Ia is positive (Va > E), current flows from supply to motor via T1
 If I is negative (E > V ), current flows from motor to supply via D1
a a

T1 is OFF and T2 is ON between ton < t ≤ T

 If Ia is positive, current circulates via D2
 If I is negative, current circulates via T2
a

Duty ratio is given by:   ton T 1 where T  chopper period

T
Average armature voltage is: Average Va =V
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Four-quadrant Control
Operation in all four quadrants
Va and Ia can be controlled in magnitude and polarity
 
Power flow can be in either direction
Speed and torque can be reversed Q2 Q1

Q3 Q4 T
D1 D3
T1 T3
+ Va -
ia
Note:
Polarity of Va and
T4 T2 direction of Ia
D2
D4 indicated are
assumed
positive.
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Four-quadrant Control
When a switch is on (i.e. ‘ON state’) it may or may not
conduct current depending on the direction of ia
If a switch conducts current, it is in a conducting state
Converter has two legs (Leg A & Leg B)
Leg B
Both switches in each
leg, are alternately + D1 D3
switched T1
+ Va -
T3

If T1 = ON, T4 = OFF ia

Vdc
If T4 = ON, T1 = OFF
T4 T2
D4 D2

-
Leg A 20
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Four-quadrant Control 
Positive Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = Vdc when T1 and T2 are ON
Q3 Q4 T
 Currentincreases
 Q1 operation

Va = 0 when current

freewheels through +
D1 D3
T2 and D4 T1 T3
+ Va -
 Current decreases ia
Vdc
Va = -Vdc when D3 and D4
conducts current T4 T2
D4 D2
 Current decreases
-
 Energy returned to supply
 Q4 operation
T3 and
T4 off 21
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Four-quadrant Control 
Negative Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = -Vdc when T3 and T4 are ON
 Currentincreases in negative direction Q3 Q4 T
 Q3 operation
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through
T4 and D2 +
D1 D3
 Current decreases T1 T3
+ Va -
Va = Vdc when D1 and D2 ia
Vdc
conducts current
 Current decreases T4 T2
D4 D2
 Energy returned to
supply -
 Q2 operation
T1 and
T2 off 22
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II

- Four-quadrant Control
For both positive and negative current, output voltage can
swing between:
 Vdc and -Vdc
 Vdc and 0
Four quadrant chopper has two legs, so it requires two
switching signals (one for each leg)
Depending on relationship between the two switching signals,
4-quadrant chopper has two switching schemes:
 Bipolar switching
 Unipolar switching
Switching scheme determines output voltage swing between
Vdc and -Vdc or Vdc and 0.

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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives

Operation of DC motor drive depends on:
Direction of Ia (determined by torque, i.e. motoring or
braking)
Polarity of Va and Ea (determined by speed, i.e. forward or
reverse)
the duty cycle of the DC-DC Converter (either two-quadrant
or four-quadrant)
Open loop control is achieved by changing the duty
cycle manually as and when required

Test Link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe9OZ62sJ9LsunNeN
WeaLhe_8I28Ki92851cCHiMtbfBSwXug/viewform?usp=sf_link 24
 SSD - UNIT- II

References
Rashid, M.H, Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and
Applictions, 3rd ed., Pearson, New-Jersey, 2004.
Dubey, G.K., Fundamentals of Electric Drives, 2nd ed., Alpha
Science Int. Ltd., UK, 2001.
Krishnan, R., Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis and
Control, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
Nik Idris, N. R., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
Ahmad Azli, N., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.

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