Solid State Drives

UNIT- II
 UNITII: DC DRIVES

Single phase and three phase drives-half

controlled and fully controlled

Chopper drives-class A, B, C, D and E

chopper drives-braking of dc drives.
Definition of Electrical Drives

3
Session – 1

DC MOTORS
 DC MOTOR

- Shunt motors
- Separately excited
- Series (we’ll look briefly)
 DC MOTORS

• DC MOTORS

• DC DRIVES
 DC MOTOR
Load torque opposing
+ + the motor torque
Va Vf
- -

+ - + -

Tm Tload

DC motor

Mechanical Load: fans,

blowers, Compressors,
 DC MOTOR
+ +
V V
- -

+ - + -

Tm Tload

DC motor

F = mg
 DC MOTOR

Hoist
 DC MOTOR

- Some applications require the control of speed

- Some applications require the control of torque

- In order to control the torque or speed we need

to know the T- characteristics of the motor
and the mechanical load

Intersections between the two characteristics

will determine the operating point
 Industrial motor load types

• There are four types of industrial automation

motor loads:

• Variable horsepower and constant torque

• Variable torque and constant horsepower
• Variable horsepower and variable torque
• Positional control or torque control.
• Variable horsepower and constant torque
applications include
• Conveyors
• Cranes
• Gear-type pumps.

In these applications, the torque is constant

because the load doesn’t change.
• constant speed ac and dc motors a good choice.
• variable torque and constant horsepower application is
a machine rewinding paper.

• The material speed remains constant, which means the

horsepower doesn’t change.

• The load does change, however, as the roll diameter

increases.

• In small systems, this is a good application for dc

motors or a servo motor.
• Fans, centrifugal pumps, and agitators require
variable horsepower and torque.

• As the industrial motor speed increases,

the load output also increases along
with the required horsepower and torque.
• linear actuators, which need to move to
multiple positions accurately, require tight
positional or torque control and often require
feedback to verify correct motor position.

• Servo or stepper motors are the

best option for these applications

• but a dc motor with feedback or an inverter

duty ac motor with an encoder often is used
for tight torque control in steel or paper lines
 DC MOTOR

Vt = IaRa + Ea
Shunt motor
If It It = I a + I f

Rcf Ia + Ea = k
Ra
Vt
Te = kIa
Rcw

Te  k = Vt - IaRa
Vt  IaR a
Tload 
k
Mechanical
load Vt Ra
  T
2 e
k (k )
Three possible methods of speed control:

Field flux
Armature voltage Vt
Armature resistance Ra

Vt Ra
  T
2 e
k (k)
 Vt R a Te
 
k T   k T  2

Varying Vt

Vt
kT TL

Vt ↓

Te

Requires variable DC supply

 Vt R a Te
 
k T   k T  2
Varying Vt

Vt
kT TL

Vt ↓

Te

Requires variable DC supply

 R a Te
Vt  (k T ) 
 k T 
Varying Vt

TL Constant TL

Te

Requires variable DC supply

 R a Te
Vt  (k T ) 
 k T 
Vt  (k T )  Ia R a
Varying Vt
Vt
Vt,rated Constant TL

Ia R a
base 
Introduction
Vt R T
  a e2
k T   k T 
Varying Ra


Vt TL
kT

Ra ↑

Te

Simple control
Losses in external resistor
 Vt R T
  a e2
k T   k T 

Varying 

Vt TL
kT

↓

Te

Not possible for PM motor

Maximum torque capability reduces
 Method of speed control in DC motor drives

Armature voltage control : retain maximum torque capability

Field flux control (i.e. flux reduced) : reduce maximum torque capability
For wide range of speed control
0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction

Armature voltage control

Field flux control
Te

Maximum
Torque capability

base 
Te

Maximum
Torque capability

base 
 P Te Constant torque Constant power

Pmax

base 

0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction

P = EaIa,max = kaIa,max Pmax = EaIa,max = kabaseIa,max

   1/
0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction
0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction

If It

Rcf Ia +
Ra
Vt

Rcw


BUT there are problems !

0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction

If It

Rcf Ia +
Ra
Vt

Rcw


Controlling Vt will also affect If

Controlling If via Rcf caused losses  I2R

0 to base  armature voltage, above base  field flux reduction

Separately Excited DC motor

DC supply DC supply
for armature for field

What if we have an AC supply ?

 Separately Excited DC motor
3-phase AC

AC to DC + + AC to DC
source

converter Vdc Vdc converter

- -

Armature voltage control Field voltage control

 Phase-Control
Phase-Control Converters
Converters

Single-Phase
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Three-Phase

Semiconverter
Semiconverter Semiconverter
Semiconverter

Full
Full converter
converter Full
Full converter
converter

Dual
Dual converter
converter Dual
Dual converter
converter
 Semiconverter
Semiconverter
..is
..is aa one-quadrant
one-quadrant converter
converter and
and itit has
has one
one polarity
polarity
Full
Full converter
converter
..is
..is aa two-quadrant
two-quadrant converter
converter and
and the
the polarity
polarity of
of its
its
output
output can
can be
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative.
negative.
However
However
the
the output
output current
current of
of full
full converter
converter has
has
one
one polarity
polarity only
only

Dual
Dual converter
converter
..can
..can operate
operate in
in four
four quadrants
quadrants ;; both both the
the output
output
voltage
voltage and
and current
current can
can be
be either
either positive
www.Vidyarthiplus.com positive or
or negative
negative
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 Average
Average Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm
VVdcdc   sin
VVmm sin td 
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  22
Maximum
Maximum VVmm
VVdm 
dm 
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage 

RMS
RMS Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm 11  sin
sin 22
 
  sin  td tt   
 
22 22
VVrms
rms 
VVmm sin td 
22  22  
www.Vidyarthiplus.com 22 
Single-Phase Half Wave Converter with RL load
Semiconverterwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Semiconverter
Semiconverter


22 VVmm
VVdcdc   sin
VVmm sin td 
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  

22
  sin  td 
tt
22 22
rms 
VVrms VVmm sin td
22 
 Rectification
Mode

Inversion
Mode

Single-Phase
Full Converter www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter

22  22VVmm
VVdcdc   VVmm sin
sin ttdd 
 tt  cos
cos 
22  
22  22 22 VVmm
VVrms
rms 
  VVmm sin
sin 
 ttdd  tt 
22  22
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