DC MOTORS

SEE 3433
ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MOTOR

- Shunt motors
- Separately excited
- Series (well look briefly)

DC MOTORS

DC MOTOR

+ -

+ -

DC motor

DC MOTOR
+
Va
-

Load torque opposing

the motor torque

+
Vf
+ -

+ Tm

Tload

DC motor
Mechanical Load: fans,
blowers, Compressors,

DC MOTOR
+
V
-

+
V
+ -

+ Tm

Tload

DC motor

F = mg

DC MOTOR
Hoist

DC MOTOR

- Some applications require the control the speed

- Some applications require the control the torque
- In order to control the torque or speed we need to know the T-
characteristics of the motor and the mechanical load

Intersections between the two characteristics will

determine the operating point

DC MOTOR
Shunt motor
If

Vt = IaRa + Ea

It

Rcf

Ia
Ra

Vt

I t = Ia + I f
Ea = k
Te = kIa

Rcw
Te

Tload
Mechanical
load

k = Vt - IaRa

Vt IaR a
k

Vt
Ra

T
2 e
k (k )

Three possible methods of speed control:

Field flux
Armature voltage Vt
Armature resistance Ra

Vt
Ra

T
2 e
k (k )

Vt
kT

Vt
R T
a e2
k T k T
Varying Vt

TL

Vt

Te
Requires variable DC supply

Vt
kT

Vt
R T
a e2
k T k T
Varying Vt

TL

Vt

Te
Requires variable DC supply

Vt (k T )

R a Te
k T
Varying Vt

TL

Constant TL

Te
Requires variable DC supply

Vt (k T )
Vt

R a Te
k T

Vt (k T ) Ia R a

Vt,rated

Varying Vt
Constant TL

Ia R a
base

Introduction

Vt
R T
a e2
k T k T
Varying Ra

Vt
kT

TL

Ra

Te
Simple control
Losses in external resistor

Vt
kT

Vt
R T
a e2
k T k T
Varying
TL

Te
Not possible for PM motor
Maximum torque capability reduces

Method of speed control in DC motor drives

Armature voltage control : retain maximum torque capability
Field flux control (i.e. flux reduced) : reduce maximum torque capability
For wide range of speed control
0 to base armature voltage, above base field flux reduction
Armature voltage control
Field flux control

Te
Maximum
Torque capability

base

Te
Maximum
Torque capability

base

P Te

Constant torque

Constant power

Pmax

base
0 to base armature voltage,
P = EaIa,max = kaIa,max

above base field flux reduction

Pmax = EaIa,max = kabaseIa,max
1/

0 to base armature voltage,

above base field flux reduction

0 to base armature voltage,

If
Rcf

above base field flux reduction

It
+

Ia
Ra

Rcw

Vt

BUT there are problems !

0 to base armature voltage,

If
Rcf

above base field flux reduction

It
+

Ia
Ra

Rcw

Vt

Controlling Vt will also affect If

Controlling If via Rcf caused losses I2R

0 to base armature voltage,

above base field flux reduction

Separately Excited DC motor

DC supply
for armature

What if we have an AC supply ?

DC supply
for field

3-phase AC
source

Separately Excited DC motor

AC to DC
converter

+
Vdc

+
Vdc

Armature voltage control

AC to DC
converter

Field voltage control