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Wcycle = Qin – Qout ∙
cycle is
W cycle
Q in
Power Cycle Review
►The second law of thermodynamics requires the thermal
efficiency to be less than 100%.
►Thermal efficiency tends to increase as the average
temperature at which energy is added by heat transfer
increases and/or the average temperature at which energy is
rejected by heat transfer decreases.
►Improved thermodynamic performance of power cycles, as
measured by increased thermal efficiency, for example, also
accompanies the reduction of irreversibilities and losses.
►The extent of improved power cycle performance is limited,
however, by constraints imposed by thermodynamics and
economics.
Area Interpretations for
Work and Heat Transfer
►Ideal cycles formed from internally
reversible processes are used in Chapter 9 to
further understanding of reciprocating internal
combustion engines and gas turbine power
systems.
►Closed systems involving expansion and
compression work are used to model
reciprocating engines. For these applications,
the following area interpretations apply for
internally reversible processes:
Area Interpretations for
Work and Heat Transfer
W Q
m int
rev
pdv
m int
rev
Tds
p T
v s
v s
Stroke
Bottom dead center
►Power stroke
The gas mixture expands
and work is done on the
piston as it returns to bottom
dead center.
►Exhaust stroke
The burned gases are
purged from the cylinder
through the open exhaust
valve.
Introducing Engine Terminology
►Smaller engines operate on two-stroke cycles
with intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust
accomplished in one revolution of the crankshaft.
►Internal combustion engines undergo
mechanical cycles, but the cylinder contents do
not execute a thermodynamic cycle – matter is
introduced at one composition and is later
discharged at a different composition.
Introducing Engine Terminology
►Mean effective pressure, mep, is an important
performance parameter.
►mep is a theoretical constant pressure that if it
acted on the piston during the power stroke
would produce the same net work as actually
developed in one cycle.
(Eq. 9.1)
W12 W34
u2 u1 , u3 u 4
m m (Eq. 9.2)
Q23 Q41
u3 u 2 , u4 u1
m m
V3
►The Diesel cycle cut-off ratio is: rc
V2
Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
►Process 2-3 is heat addition at constant pressure.
Accordingly, the process involves both heat and work.
►The work is given by (Eq. 9.9)
►Introducing Eq. 9.9 into the closed system energy balance
for process 2-3 and solving for Q23/m gives
(Eq. 9.10)
Note: Enthalpy appears only for notational convenience and
does not signal use of control volume concepts.
►The thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work to the
heat added:
(Eq. 9.11)
(Eq. 9.14)