SQQM3024

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Chapter 1:
Principle of Mathematical
1 Modeling
THINGS TO PONDER:

1. What is mathematical model?
2. Why mathematical model is necessary?

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WHAT IS MATHEMATICAL MODELING?
 A representation of real world problem in
mathematical form with some simplified assumptions
which helps to understand in fundamental and
quantitative way.
 It is complement to theory and experiments and often
to integrate them.
 Widespread applications in all branches of
knowledge.

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WHY MATHEMATICAL MODELING IS
NECESSARY?
 To perform experiments and to solve real world
problems which may be risky and expensive or time
consuming.
 Emerged as a powerful, indispensable tool for
studying a variety of problem in scientific research,
product and process development and manufacturing.
 Improves the quality of work and reduced changes,
errors and rework.

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AREAS (NOT LIMITED TO) WHERE
MATHEMATICAL MODELS ARE NORMALLY
USED:
 Climate modeling, aerospace science, population
dynamics, economics, econometrics, manufacturing
and design, financial engineering, medicine,
environment, multidisciplinary problems.

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TYPE OF MODELS
 Static or dynamic
 Discrete or continuous

 Deterministic or probabilistic

 Linear or nonlinear

 Explicit or implicit

 Qualitative or quantitative

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QUIZ 1 PART 1
QUESTION 1

Find information on these models and write just a brief

summary of each of these type of models with example.
(Each model should be briefly explained in
approximately 50 words)

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STATIC OR DYNAMIC MODEL
 Static model: A static (or steady-state) model
calculates the system in equilibrium, and thus is time-
invariant. A state model cannot be changed, and one
cannot enter edit mode when static model is open for
detail view.
 Dynamic model: A dynamic model accounts for time-
dependent changes in the state of the system.
Dynamic models are typically represented by
differential equations.

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DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS MODEL
 Discrete model: A discrete model treats objects as
discrete, such as the particles in a molecular model. A
clock is an example of discrete model because the
clock skips to the next event start time as the
simulation proceeds.
 Continuous model: A continuous model represents the
objects in a continuous manner, such as the velocity
field of fluid in pipe or channels, temperatures and
electric field.

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DETERMINISTIC OR PROBABILISTIC
(STOCHASTIC) MODEL
 Deterministic model: A deterministic model is one in
which every set of variable states is uniquely
determined by parameters in the model and by sets of
previous states of these variables. Deterministic
models describe behavior on the basis of some
physical law.
 Probabilistic (stochastic) model: A probabilistic/
stochastic model is one where exact prediction is not
possible and randomness is present, and variable
states are not described by unique values, but rather
by probability distributions.
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LINEAR OR NONLINEAR MODEL
 Linear model: If all the operators in a mathematical
model exhibit linearity, the resulting mathematical
model is defined as linear. A linear model uses
parameters that are constant and do not vary
throughout a simulation.
 Nonlinear model: A nonlinear model introduces
dependent parameters that are allowed to vary
throughout the course of a simulation run, and its use
becomes necessary where interdependencies between
parameters cannot be considered.
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EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT MODEL
 Explicit model: calculate the state of a system using
the past time from the state of the system at the
current time.
 Implicit model: solution is obtained by solving an
equation involving both the current state of the
system and the later one which require extra
computation and could be harder to solve.

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QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
MODEL
 Qualitative model: it is basically a conceptual model
that display visually of the important components of
an ecosystem and linkages between them. It is a
simplification of a complex system. The humans are
good at common sense with qualitative reasoning.
 Quantitative model: models are mathematically
focused on many times are based on complex
formulas. In addition, quantitative models generally
through an input-output matrix. Quantitative
modeling and simulation give precise numerical
answers.
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STEPS IN MODELING

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1. Identify Real-World Problem:
• Perform background research, focus on
a workable problem.
• Conduct investigations (Labs), if
appropriate.
• Learn the use of a computational tool:
Matlab, Mathematica, Excel, Java.
Understand current activity and predict
future behavior.

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2. Simplify  Working Model:
Identify and select factors to describe
important aspects of
Real World Problem; determine
those factors that can be neglected.
• State simplifying assumptions.
• Determine governing principles,
physical laws.
• Identify model variables and inter-
relationships.

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3.Represent  Mathematical
Model: Express the Working
Model in
mathematical terms;
write down mathematical equations
whose solution describes the Working
Model.

In general, the success of a

mathematical model depends on how
easy it is to use and how accurately it
predicts.

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 4Translate  Computational Model:
Change Mathematical Model into a form
suitable for computational solution.
• Existence of unique solution

• Choice of the numerical method

• Choice of the algorithm

• Software

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5. Simulate  Results/Conclusions:
Run “Computational Model” to
obtain Results; draw
Conclusions.
• Verify your computer program; use
check cases; explore ranges of validity.

• Graphs, charts, and other visualization

tools are useful in summarizing results
and drawing conclusions.

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6. InterpretConclusions: Compare
with Real World
Problem behavior.

• If model results do not “agree” with

physical reality or experimental data,
reexamine the Working Model (relax
assumptions) and repeat modeling steps.
• Often, the modeling process proceeds
through several iterations until model
is“acceptable”.

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QUIZ 1 PART 1
QUESTION 2
Find one real world problem, and explain the process of
solving this problem in the steps provided earlier.
Explain your problem in 8-10pages which should
include the:
1. problem
2. identification of each processes in the solution of
your problem.
3. references. Refer APA 6th ed format.

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END OF CHAPTER 1

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