Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203

North South University
 1. Geography of Bangladesh
2. Natural Hazard and Disaster
3. Population
4. Agriculture and Climate
5. Urbanization and Culture
6. Transport
7. Natural Resource
8. Rivers
9. Settlement Pattern
10. Tribal Community
11. Forest
12. Geography of Tourism
13. Assessment of Class Participation.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Location:
Latitude : Between 20.340° and 26.380° north.
Longitude : Between 88.01° and 92.41° east.

Area:
Land :1,47,570 sq. km or 56,977 sq. miles.
Territorial waters : 22.22 km.

Boundary : North : India,

West : India,
East : India & Myanmar,
South : Bay of Bengal.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Monsoon Rainfall: Lowest 160 cm. Highest 400 cm.
Humidity: Highest 99%, Lowest 36%.
Main Season: Winter (November-February),
Summer (March-June),
Monsoon (July-October).

Principal Rivers: Padma, Meghna, Jamuna, Brahmaputra,

Teesta, Surma and Karnaphuli.
Principal Minerals: Natural Gas, Coal, Limestones,
and Glass sand.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Drought Cyclone Storm surge, salinity

Flood Water logging Bank Erosion

Bank erosion
 • Cyclone: Every year Bangladesh has about 2-3 cyclones.
• Floods: Each year about 18% of the country gets flooded.
• Earthquake: Bangladesh has high, medium and low risk zone.

• The flood hazard is due to its geography: the country is one

huge delta.
• Only 7.5% of the total catchment area is within the country
and 90% of discharge originates elsewhere.
• Flood Category: Flash flood, River flood, Rainfall flood,
Cyclonic flood.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 - Geographical Location
- Delta
- Funnel shape sea surrounded by landmass
- Near to Himalayas.
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Population characteristics is changing rapidly.
Present Scenario

Population by Age and Sex, Bangladesh 2011

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Population characteristics is changing rapidly.
Projected Population Scenario

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Main agricultural products include: Rice, tea, wheat,
sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, oilseeds, spices, fruits, beef
and milk.

•Total farm holding: 1,47,16,000

•Total area: 14.845 million hectares
•Cultivable land: 8 million hectares
•Current fallow land: 0.469m hectares
•Annual Food Production: 31.9m MT
•Annual Food demand: 31.9m MT

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Agriculture determines people’s lives and livelihood of this region.
Agriculture is the determining factor for food security as well as pro-
poor development of Bangladesh economy.

•Land-man ratio: .06 ha

•Mainly subsistence farming
•Inadequate agro-processing
•Non-mechanized farming
•Fragmented land/plots
•Dependence largely on nature
•Crop diversification

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• Heavily depends on natural rainfall,
weather & temperature, water level,
soil condition etc.
• Rice based agriculture greatly depends
availability of fresh surface and ground
water
• Seasonal farming
• Lack of stress tolerant varieties

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Loss of arable land
• Population growth
• Climate change
• High fertilizer use
• Inefficient water use
• Pests and diseases
• Lack of quality seeds
• Unfair price of agricultural products

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Six Seasons.
• Tropical Climate
• Mild winters (October to March)
• Hot, Humid summer (March to
June)
• Humid rainy monsoons (June to
October)

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Sea Level Rise (SLR)
• Floods
• Riverbank erosion
• Drought
• Salinity intrusion
• Loss of homestead and livelihoods
• Pest invasion
• Land scarcity
• Seasonal Migration/Climate Migration

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Example:

A meter rise of sea level would inundate ….

- a quarter of our landmass;

- displacing over 20 million people by 2050….

…creating enormous humanitarian and

political crisis beyond its national
boundaries.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Stress (flood, drought, submergence,
salinity, heat, cold..) tolerant varieties
• Short duration crops
• Innovative farming practices
• Floating cultivation method
• Crop diversification
• Changing/shifting cropping pattern

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Urbanization in Bangladesh is characterized by
the concentration of urban population in four
major metropolitan areas, namely Dhaka,
Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna.

Urbanization is not an old concept. In 1971

Bangladesh emerged as a country of a large
population with a low level of urbanization.

After independence, the 1971-81 decadal

growth rate of urban population was the highest
in the history of Bangladesh by more than 7
percent a year.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Bangladesh had some 522 Urban Centres in 1991.

Now the number is 570.

Only one Megacity and Dhaka holds a primate city status.

There are 12 city corporations and 318 Municipalities.

Spatial pattern of urban centres in Bangladesh is fairly

well balanced.

This is due to inclusion of all upazila headquarters as

urban areas.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Share of urban population is rapidly increasing in Bangladesh

Urban Population (%) 200

180

40 160

35 140

Population, millions
30 120 Total
25 100 Rural
20 80 Urban

15 60
10 40
5 20
0 0
1950

1960

1990

2000

2005
1970

1980

2015

2030

Economic activity also concentrated around major agglomerations

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Features Rural Society Urban Society
Dominant social Kinship, locality & Exchange, rational
relations based neighborliness calculation,
on…
Order of social Family to Village to City to National to
relations Town life International life

Wealth Land Money

Forms of social Family law, State, convention,
control extended kinship political
group, customs, legislation, public
morals, religion opinion

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 What factors shape the culture?

1. Religion
2. Weather and Climate
3. Landscape
4. Locality
5. Regional Influence
(Indian Subcontinent)

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Roadways : 239226 km
• Paved road including highways.
• Narrow and twisting type due to
high density settlement areas.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Waterways : 8370 km

The inland waterways have played an

important role in the transport system of
our sub-continent since ancient times.
Mode of this transport has declined
considerably with the expansion of road
and rail transport.
Diversion of river water for irrigation has
also reduced the importance of inland
water transport.
Most part of the country is linked by a
complex network of waterways which
reaches its extensive size in the monsoon
period.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Railways : 2768 km

Mostly driven by Locomotive Engine.

Slow machines consume more fuel.
Railway is a bulk career and safety mode
of transport with cheaper cost.
Traffic jam free.
Broad and Meter Gauge system.
Still using traditional methods of
operation and management.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Natural Gas
• Timber
• Coal
• Arable Land/Fertile Land
• Wind
• Solar Power/Sunshine
• Freshwater
• Human Resource

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • The Ganges, whose lower
course is known as the Padma.
• The Brahmaputra, whose lower
reaches are known as the
Jamuna.
• The Meghna, east of the Padma-
Jamuna area, length 800 km,
half of which lies in Bangladesh.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Dispersed Settlement
• Linear Settlement
• Cluster Settlement

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 A dispersed settlement refers to the
scattering of houses over a large area.
Visible in rural areas.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 A Linear settlement pattern refers to
the grouping of houses along a line.
Tend to follow road, river, rail way ,
along the coast, etc.
Provide good transport and
communication network.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 A cluster settlement pattern refers to
the grouping of many houses around a
centre called a nucleus.
Developed at road intersections focal
points of an area or confluences of
rivers.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Bangladesh's tribal population consists of about
1 million people, just under 1 percent of the
total population.
They live primarily in the Chittagong Hills and in
the regions of Mymensingh, Sylhet, and
Rajshahi.
The majority of the tribal population (778,425)
live in rural settings.

They differ in their …

- social organization,
- marriage customs,
- birth and death rates,
- food, and
- other social customs
… from the people of the rest of the country.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 The four largest tribes are…
• the Chakmas,
• Marmas (or Maghs),
• Tipperas (or Tipras), and
• Mros (or Moorangs).

Unlike the other tribes, the Chakmas and Marmas generally live in the
highland valleys. Most Chakmas are Buddhists, but some practiced
Hinduism or animism.
a national Adivasi organization mentioned of 45 ethnic minorities living
side by side with the Bangalee majority people in Bangladesh.
Other Adibasies include Santals, Oraons, Mundas, Malpaharia,
Mahattows, Mahalis, Singh, Boshak, Kormoker, Bhuimali, Rai, Bagdi,
Coch, Rajbongshi, Malos, Turis, Mushor, Munija, Ghashis, etc.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Tropical evergreen forest…
This forest type occurs in part of
Chittagong and the Chittagong hill tracts.
Semi-evergreen forest…
This forest type is found in Cox’s Bazar
area and the Chittagong hill tracts.
Sal forest…
This forest type found on the plains of
Dhaka and Mymensingh and on the high
alluvium.
Mangrove forest…
This forest type is found in Sundarban.

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 • Varieties tourist
Destinations
• Cheap national
transport
• Inadequate
infrastructure
• Lack of standard
accommodation

• Lack of reliable tour operator

• Lack of preservation of attractions
• Political instability
• Social system

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University
 Thanks

Department of Environmental Science and Management

Course No. ENV 203
North South University