Unit-2

Data Modeling
Topics to be Covered
1. Data Model
2. Types of Data Model
3. Hierarchical Model
4. Network Model
5. Relational Model
Data Models
 Data Model
• Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for
describing data, data relationships, data semantics
and consistency constraints

• Data Semantics:-Data Semantics is the more traditional

approach for data integration. It focuses on the relationship of
the data to other data
 Why Use Models?
• Models can be useful when we want to examine or manage
part of the real world
• The costs of using a model are often considerably lower than
the costs of using or experimenting with the real world itself
• Examples:
– Airplane simulator
– Nuclear power plant simulator
– Flood warning system
– Model of US economy
– Model of a heat reservoir
– Map
A Map Is a Model of Reality
 Data Modeling
DATABASE SYSTEM
REALITY
• structures MODEL
• processes
data modeling

 The model represents a perception of structures of reality

 The data modeling process is to fix a perception of
structures of reality and represent this perception
 In the data modeling process we select aspects and we
abstract
 Process Modeling
DATABASE SYSTEM
REALITY process modeling
• structures MODEL
• processes

 The use of the model reflects processes of reality

 Processes may be represented by programs with
embedded database queries and updates
 Processes may be represented by ad-hoc database queries
and updates at run-time
DML DML
PROG
Type of Data Models
1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Relational Model
4. E-R Model
Hierarchical Model
 Hierarchical Model
• It is one of the oldest data models, dating
from late 1950s.
• Information System Management(IMS) was
the first hierarchical database developed
jointly by IBM & North American Rock Well
Company.
• Hierarchical model Organizes data element as
tabular rows.
 Example of Hierarchical Model
Empno Designation Reports to

10 Director

20 Senior Manager 10

30 Typist 20

40 Programmer 20
 Example of Hierarchical Model
• In this, the "child" is the same type as the
"parent". The hierarchy stating Empno 10 is
boss of 20, and 30 and 40 each report to 20 is
represented by the "Reports To" column.
• Hierarchical Model represents relationship
with the notion of “logical Adjacency”
 Advantages
Hierarchical Model has many advantages over
the file systems.
Simplicity:-since the database is based on the hierarchical
structure, the relationship between the various layers is
logically simple. Thus design of hierarchical database is
simple.
Data Security:-it was the first database model that offered
the data security, is provided and enforced by the DBMS.
Data Integrity:-because it is based on parent child
relationship, so there is always a link between parent and
child segment.
 Advantage
• Efficiency:-it is very efficient one when it contains a
large number of 1:M relationships and when user
require large number of transactions.
 Disadvantages
Main disadvantages of hierarchical model are
Implementation Complexity:-although it is very simple
conceptually and easy to design but it is quite complex to
implement. because it require good knowledge of physical storage.
Database Management Problem:-if you make any changes in
hierarchical database, then you need to make necessary changes
in all application, that access the database.
Lack of structural Independence:-Hierarchical database
system uses physical path to navigate different data segment.
So if physical structure is changed, then we need to make
necessary changes in the application program also.
 Network Model
1. Its inventor was Charles Bachman
2. The popularity of the network data model coincided
with the popularity of the hierarchical data model.
3. Some data were more naturally modeled with more
than one parent per child. So, the network model
permitted the modeling of many-to-many relationships
in data.
4. In 1971, the Conference on Data Systems Languages
(CODASYL) formally defined the network model.
 Network Model………..
5. The basic data modeling construct in the network
model is the set construct. A set consists of an
owner record type, a set name, and a member
record type.

6. A member record type can have that role in more

than one set; hence the multi parent concept is
supported. An owner record type can also be a
member or owner in another set.
Network Model
 Some Well-known Network Databases

• Digital Equipment Corporation DBMS-10

• Digital Equipment Corporation DBMS-20
• Digital Equipment Corporation VAX DBMS
• Honeywell IDS (Integrated Data Store)
• IDMS (Integrated Database Management System)
• Oracle CODASYL DBMS
• Raima Data Manager (RDM) Embedded
• RDM Server
• Turbo IMAGE
• Univac DMS-1100
 Advantages of Network Model
• It as simple as hierarchical model.
• It handles more relationship type as M: N and
multi parent.
• Data access is more flexible that hierarchical
model.
• Data owner /membership promote data
integrity.
• It includes DDL and DML in DBMS.
 Disadvantages of Network Model
• System complexity limits efficiency.
• Navigation system yields complex
implementation, application, development
and management.
• Structural changes require changes in all
application programs.
 RELATIONAL MODEL

• (RDBMS - relational database management system) A

database based on the relational model developed by
E.F. Codd.
• A relational database allows the definition of data
structures, storage and retrieval operations and
integrity constraints.
• In such a database the data and relations between
them are organized in tables.
• A table is a collection of records and each record in a
table contains the same fields.
 PROPERTIES OF RELATIONAL TABLES

1. Values Are Atomic

2. Each Row is Unique
3. Column Values Are of the Same Kind
4. The Sequence of Columns is Insignificant
5. The Sequence of Rows is Insignificant
6. Each Column Has a Unique Name
RELATIONAL MODEL
 Advantage Of Relational Model
• Structural independence in promoted by the use of
independent tables. Changes in data structure do not
affect data access or application program.

• Tabular view improves conceptual simplicity, their by

promoting easier database design, implementation,
use and maintenance.

• Ad hoc query capability is based on SQL.

DISADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL MODEL

• RDBMS requires substantial hardware, system

software overheads.

• Conceptual simplicity gives relatively

untrained people, a tool to use good system
poorly.