Stoichiometry

Greek:
Stoickhein = element
Metron = measure
The measure of elements.
 In English………
 Usingrelationships between reactants
and/or products in a chemical reaction to
determine desired quantitative data.
 Stoichiometry
 Given an amount of either starting material
or product, you can determine the other
quantities.
 We use conversion factors
– molar mass (g - mole)
– balanced equation (mole - mole)
Amounts of Reactants and Products
 Solving…..
 Write balanced chemical equation
 Convert grams of known substance into
moles
 Use coefficients in balanced equation to
determine the mol ratio
 Convert moles of new material into
grams.
 Examples
 One way of producing O2(g) involves the
decomposition of potassium chlorate into
potassium chloride and oxygen gas. A 25.5
g sample of Potassium chlorate is
decomposed. How many moles of O2(g)
are produced?
 How many grams of potassium chloride are
produced?
 Example #2
 How many grams of each reactant are
needed to produce 15 grams of iron
from the following reaction?

 Fe2O3(s) + Al(s) ® Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

 AP Challenge
 Ferrocene was the first organic iron
compound synthesized with Fe—C bonds.
In the combustion analysis of Ferrocene,
which contains only C, H, and Fe, a
0.9437 g sample produced 2.233 g of CO2
and 0.457 g of H2O. What is the
empirical formula of Ferrocene?
Limiting Reactants
&
Percent Yield
 Limiting Reagent
 Always a reactant!! (duh)
 Reactant that limits the amount of
product that can be formed.
 The reactant that runs out of first.
 Produces the least product.
 Determine the Limiting reagent
 Determining the limiting reagent requires
that you do TWO Stoichiometry
problems.
 Calculate how much product each reactant
makes.
 The one that makes the least amount of
product, is the limiting reagent.
 Example
 Ammonia is produced by the following
reaction. N2 + H2 ® NH3 What mass
of ammonia can be produced from a mixture
of 100. g N2 and 500. g H2 ?
 How much un-reacted material remains?
(Excess Reactant)
 Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of
product that would result if all the limiting
reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product
actually obtained from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
 Example #1
 Aluminum burns in bromine producing
aluminum bromide. In a laboratory 6.0 g
of aluminum reacts with excess bromine.
50.3 g of aluminum bromide are
produced. What are the three yields in
this reaction.
 Example #2
 Years of experience have proven that the
percent yield for the following reaction is
74.3% Hg + Br2 ® HgBr2
 If 10.0 g of Hg and 9.00 g of Br are
2
reacted, how much HgBr2 will be produced?
 If the reaction did go to completion, how
much excess reagent would be left?
 Example #3
 Commercial brass is an alloy of Cu and Zn.
It reacts with HCl by the following reaction
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
Cu does not react. When 0.5065 g of brass
is reacted with excess HCl, 0.0985 g of
ZnCl2 are eventually isolated. What is the
composition of the brass?
 Example #4
 A sample of a compound containing
only Cl and O reacts with excess H2 to
give 0.233g HCl and 0.403 g of water.
Determine the empirical formula of the
compound.