Basic Operation and

Major Components of
Gas Turbine
PRESENTED BY

MD HELALUR RAHMAN
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
TITAS 50 MW POWER PLANT
BPDB,TITAS, CUMILLA
Turbine
 What is Turbine ?

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts

energy from a fluid /gas flow and converts
it into useful work .
The simplest turbines have one moving
part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or
drum with blades attached. Moving fluid
acts on the blades, or the blades react to
the flow, so that they move and impart
rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine
examples are windmills and water wheel.
Types of Turbine :

1.Impulse

2.Reaction
Pressure decreases
Velocity increases
Kinetic Energy increases
RPM increases
Change in pressure is done :

1) By Convergent Nozzle .

2) By Convergent Blade.
P1 P2

V1 V2
Here ,
P1 > P2
v1> v2
Velocity-v, pressure-P
In Turbine ( Gas or Steam) :

Impulse Turbine has Convergent

Nozzle system and uniform blade
system .

Reaction Turbine has Convergent

Blade system and uniform nozzle
system
 Impulse Turbine nozzle and blading arrangement

Constant
Conver- Area
gent Moving
Guide van Blade

Fixed Blade Moving Blade

Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Impulse Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine nozzle and blading arrangement

Conver-
gent
Blade
Constant
Area
Guide
vane

Moving
Fixed Blade Blade
Reaction Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine in Action
Reaction Turbine in Action
A Turbine is moved by two main forces:
1.There is expansion of steam is there ,
pressure is decreasing so there is
increase in kinetic energy by increasing
velocity .

2. the push or impulse of the gas

impinging upon the blades.
Impulse Turbine create large
amounts of Tangential thrust.

Reaction turbines create large

amounts of axial thrust.
So the combination of impulse
-reaction turbine is widely used .

Impulse – Reaction Turbine

reduces both the tangential and
axial stress To the Rotor
 Impulse – Reaction Blade

The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner

compared to the moving blades,
 Fixed Blade
Fixed Blade Moving Blade Moving Blade
Upper Part
Lower Part Lower Part Lower Part

Lower Part Impulse Turbine Upper Part Reaction Turbine

What is a Gas Turbine ?

A gas turbine, also called a combustion

turbine, is a type of internal combustion
engine which has rotary impeller type
thermal power mechanism with gas or
liquid as working medium . It has an
upstream rotating compressor coupled to
a downstream turbine, and a combustion
Chamber in-between.
The main components
of a gas turbine :
1.Compressor
2.Combustion Chamber
3.Turbine .
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

r Turb
pre sso in e
Com
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
 Fuel Intel
(Gas/Liquid fuel)

Air Inlet Exhaust

Combustion
chamber

Turb Generator
sor in
om pre s e
C
When the turbine starting system is actuated,
ambient air is drawn
through the inlet plenum assembly

>>>then compressed in the 17th stage, axial

flow compressor
the variable inlet guide vanes are in the
closed position.
When the speed corresponding to 95
per cent the variable inlet guide vane
actuator energizes to open the inlet guide
vanes (I.G.V.) to the normal turbine operating
position.
>>>Compressed air from the compressor flows into
the annular space surrounding the fourteen
combustion chambers
>>>>from which it flows into the spaces between the
outer combustion casings and the combustion liners.
The fuel nozzles introduce the fuel into each of the
fourteen combustion chambers where it
mixes with the combustion air and is ignited by both
(or one, which is sufficient) of the two
spark plugs.
>>>At the instant one or both of the two
spark plugs equipped combustion
chambers is ignited, the remaining
combustion chambers are also ignited by
crossfire tubes that connect the reaction
zones of the combustion chambers
>>>The hot gases from the combustion
chambers expand into the fourteen
separate transition pieces attached to the
aft end of the combustion chamber liners
and flow towards the three stage turbine
section of the machine.
>>>>Each stage consists of a row of fixed
nozzles followed by a row of rotatable
turbine buckets.
In each nozzle row, the kinetic energy of
the jet is increased with an associated
pressure drop, and in each following row
of moving buckets, a portion of the kinetic
energy of the jet is absorbed as useful
work on the turbine rotor.
After passing through the 3rd stage buckets,
the exhaust gases are directed into the exhaust
hood and diffuser

which contains a series of turning vanes to turn

the gases from the axial direction to a radial
direction

thereby minimizing exhaust hood losses. Then,

the gases pass into the exhaust plenum.
Schematic drawing of major components of gas turbine

Air Inlet Compressor Turbine Exhaust

System Section Section System

Combustion
Section

Air
Inlet

Exhaust
Section

Gas Turbine
Auxiliaries Compressor Combustion Turbine
Section Section
1. Air-Intake System.
inlet plenum assembly
2. Inlet Guide Van (IGV).
variable inlet guide vanes
3. Compressor.
.
compressor
4. Combustion Chamber.
.
combustion chambers
combustion casings
Combustion liner
spark plugs
crossfire tubes
transition pieces
5. Turbine-Rotor.
three stage turbine
fixed nozzles
rotatable turbine buckets
turbine rotor.
6. Exhaust- Plenum or Chimney.
exhaust hood and diffuser
exhaust plenum
turning vanes
Rain Air-Intake System : High
hood
Efficiency
Filter

To the Bell-
Mouth
Pre-filter
Pad
 Pre-Filter Pad

• Glass fiber pad with

progressive density
• Strong resilient design
• Impregnated with
gel-like adhesive
• High dust holding
capacity
• Disposable
 Coalescer Filter Pad

• Low Pressure Drop.

• Economical in use.
• Long Service Life.
• Highly Efficient Midst
Eliminator
 High Efficiency Filter
• High efficiency and dust
holding capacity
• Lightweight, easy to
install
• Low average operating
resistance
• Longer life than standard
filters
• Less filter change out
Air filtration is ensured by :

• Rain hood placed on the front of the filter

housing.
• Bleed-heating device
• Pre-filters installed in the first stage of
supporting frames.
• Coalescer pads installed against the front
face of the high efficiency filter cells ; both
filter elements placed in the second stage of
supporting frames.
 Variable Inlet Guide Vane

IGV
 Variable Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs)

IGVs are used to control the airflow

through the compressor, in turn controlling
the airflow through the entire machine.

The IGVs modulate during the start-up and

acceleration of the gas turbine to rated
speed, loading & unloading of the
generator and deceleration of the gas
turbine during shutdown.
 Condition IGV opening

Startup - 2850 34⁰

2850- Loading 57⁰

Loading increases >> exhaust IGV opening increase

temperature increase

At Base Load to keep the 84⁰

exhaust temp. from 570⁰ C

At Peak Load to keep the 84⁰

exhaust temp. not beyond to
575 ⁰ C (+5⁰ C)
Compressor
 Compressor
•inlet guide vanes,
•The axial-flow compressor section
•consists of the compressor rotor and the
inclosing casing.
•the 17 stages of rotor and stator blading,
• the exit guide vanes.
Compressor Structure
Inlet Guide Vane
 Compressor Structure
Compressor cylinder
Compressor cylinder has 3 parts:
•Forward casing ;
•After casing
•compressor outlet casing.
 Compressor Structure

Forward casing After casing

Compressor Structure
Discharge casing
Compressor Structure
Compressor outlet casing
 compressor structure

Compressor vane: IGV, stationary blade and EGV (Exhaust Guide vane)
Stationary
IGV
Blade

EGV
 Compressor Structure
Stationary Blade (lower half of the Cylinder )
 Compressor Structure
Compressor moving blade
 Compressor Structure

compressor rotor

Compressor rotor is a drum

structure with 17 impellers
(including a half shaft).17
impeller panels are tightly pulled
by 16 long bolt pull rods to be
integrated.
Working Principle :

•air is confined to the space between the

rotor and stator blading >>>>compressed in
stages by a series of alternate rotating (rotor)
and stationary (stator) airfoil shaped blades.

•The rotor blades supply the force needed to

compress the air in each stage and the stator
blades guide the air so that it enters in the
following rotor stage at the proper angle.
•The compressed air exits through the
compressor discharge casing to the combustion
chambers.

•Air is extracted from the compressor for turbine

cooling, for bearing sealing, Bleed-heating and
during start-up for pulsation control.
Combustion Section
 Combustion Chamber

Main Components

1.Cap-Liner: 14 Nos
2.Primary Fuel Nozzle: 14 Nos
3.Secondary Fuel Nozzle: 14 Nos
4. Transition Piece (TP): 14 Nos
 Combustion Chamber
Secondary Primary
Flame Flame
detector Detector

Cross-
fire
tube
Some notable arrangements in combustion Chamber:

a)Primary Flame Detector in the Chamber 1,2,3,14

b)Secondary Flame Detector in the chamber 1,2,3,14
c) Primary , Secondary and Tertiary Fuel Connection
clock wise direction from manifold .
Introduction of combustion chamber structure
TRASTION PIECE
FLOW SLEEVE
Cap-liner
Primary Nozzle
 Secondary and Tertiary Nozzle
Tertiary
Nozzle

Tertiary
Nozzle
Working Principle :
The combustion system is of the reverse-flow type with 14 combustion
chambers
This system also fuel nozzles, spark plug ignition system, flame
detectors, and crossfire tubes.

Hot gases, generated from burning fuel in the combustion chambers,

are used to drive the turbine.

High pressure air from the compressor discharge is directed around the
transition pieces and into the combustion chambers liners. This air
enters the combustion zone through metering holes for proper fuel
combustion and through slots to cool the combustion liner.
Fuel is supplied to each combustion chamber through a nozzle designed
to disperse and mix the fuel with the proper amount of combustion air.
Combustion wrapper :
The combustion wrapper forms a plenum in which the
compressor discharge air flow is directed to the combustion
chambers. Its secondary purpose is to act as a support for the
combustion chamber assemblies .
Combustion chambers :
Discharge air from the axial flow compressor flows into each
combustion flow sleeve from the combustion wrapper.
The air flows up-stream along the outside of the combustion
liner toward the liner cap. This air enters the combustion
chamber reaction zone through the fuel nozzle swirl tip,
through metering holes in both the cap and liner and through
combustion holes in the forward half of the liner.
The hot combustion gases from the reaction zone
pass through >>> a thermal soaking zone and >>>>
then into a dilution zone where additional air is
mixed with the combustion gases.

Metering holes in the dilution zone allow the correct

amount of air to enter and cool the gases to the
desired temperature.

Along the length of the combustion liner and in the

liner cap are openings whose function is to provide a
film of air for cooling the walls of the liner and cap as
shown in figure.
1-fuel gas duct 2-outer casing 3-flame cylinder 4- fish-scale cooling hole 5-igniter
6-transition conic top 7-valve plate 8-fuel nozzle 9-swirler,
10- ejecting hole (for combustion ) 11-combustion area,
12-mixed ejecting hole (for cooling) 13-mixed area 14-annular chamber
FUEL NOZZLES (GAS)
Description :
•Each combustion chamber is equipped with
a fuel nozzle that emits the metered amount
required fuel into the combustion liner.
•Fuel nozzles are used in gas turbines burning
gas.
•The fuel nozzle functions for proper
distribution of the gas fuel into the reaction
zone of the combustion
•Liner which promotes uniform, rapid and
complete combustion.
TRANSITION PIECES
Description :
Transition pieces direct the hot gases from the
liners to the turbine first stage nozzle. Thus,
the first nozzle area is divided into 14 equal areas
receiving the hot gas flow.
Spark plugs :
Combustion is initiated by means of the discharge
from two high-voltage, non-retractable spark
plugs bolted to flanges on the combustion
chambers and mounted in a primary zone cup in
adjacent combustors (N° 11 and 12).
Flame detectors :
During the starting sequence, it is essential that an
indication of the presence or absence of flame be
transmitted to the control system. For this reason,
a flame monitoring system is used

consisting of eight sensors, each pair installed on

four combustion chambers (n° 4 and 5, 10 and 11
primary and secondary zone).

Actuated by the ionization of the gas inside it by

getting ultra-violet emission from the flame.
Turbine Structure
• The requirements for turbine
• To bear high temperature
• To bear thermal stress and thermal
shock
• To sustain heat alignment
Turbine Structure
• Stator
Turbine stator consists of gas cylinder,
stationary blade and support, force
transmission system. Stators are stationary
part of turbine.
Turbine Structure
turbine cylinder
Turbine Structure
 turbine structure
turbine exhaust casing

5-6 turbine exhaust casing

1- outer casing
2- inner casing
3- NO.3 bearing
4- exhaust diffuser
5- exhaust frame
6- exhaust casing support
Introduction of turbine structure

• turbine blade and flow

part
The high temp. gas from
combustion casing enters
the first stage nozzle
through transition part.
After directing in the
nozzle, it enters the first-
stage turbine moving blade.
 Introduction of turbine structure
The first stage turbine
nozzle consists of
turbine stationary blade
and inner and outer ring
of nozzle. there are 18
section pieces and 2
stationary blades in
each.there are 36
stationary blades in first-
stage turbine nozzle.
 Introduction of turbine structure

• the second stage nozzle and sealing of turbine

透平结构介绍
Introduction of turbine structure
• the third stage nozzle and sealing of turbine
Introduction of turbine structure
Turbine Shroud
Introduction of turbine structure

In second or third stage of

turbine retainer inner side,
we use bee-nest shape
structure to enhance
sealing effect.
 Introduction of turbine structure
turbine rotor
Introduction of turbine structure
turbine moving blades

There are 3 stages

turbine moving blade
with fir tree shape of
each one’s root. The
blade connects with
mortise groove of vane
wheel axially and tightly
locked by bolts in case of
moving out axially.
透平结构介绍
Introduction of turbine structure
透平结构介绍
THANK
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