DEMOGRAPHY

Mrs.J.SATHYAPRIYA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DSCON
1. INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
• Demography is the "study of
human populations in relation to
the changes brought about by the
interplay of births, deaths, and
migration"
- PRESSAT
 DEFINITION
• "Demography is the
statistical description and
analysis of human
population".
-WRONG
• Demography is the "statistical and
mathematical study of the size,
composition and spatial
distribution of human populations,
and of the changes over time, in
these aspects through the
operation of the five processess of
fertility, mortality, marriage,
migration and social mobility"
- BOGUE
 CONCEPT & SCOPE
• Demography is the branch of
social size, structure, which deals
with the study of size, structure
and distribution of populations,
along with the spatial and temporal
changes in them in response to
birth, migration, ageing and death.
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS :
(Eg)
• Crude Birth Rate. (CBR)

• General Fertitlity Rate. (GFR)

• Crude Death Rate. (CDR)

• Infant Mortality Rate. (IMR)

• Life expectancy. (LE)

• Total Fertility Rate. (TFR)

• Gross Reproduction Rate.(GRR)

• Net Reproduction Rate. (NRR)

SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography is the science of
population. In it's most general
meaning, a population is a set of
people who live in a specific land
area : a commune, a district, a
country or a continent,etc.
• A formal demography is concerned
with the size, distribution,
structure and changes of
population
 SIZE
• Is the number of units (inhabitants)
in the population
 DISTRIBUTION
• Is the arrangement of the
population at a given time,
geographically or among various
types of residential areas.
 STUCTURE
• Is the distribution of characteristics
such as age, gender groups etc
among the population.

• Additional characteristics of the

uinits such as marital status,
occupation educational level, ethnic
characteristics, socio economic
status etc.
 CHANGE
• Is the increase or decrease
of the total population or of
the one of it's structural
units.
 NARROW SCOPE
• Population is constantly
changing over time.

• The components of change in a

population are births, deaths
and migration.
• Thus one generation will be
replaced by another younger
generation by birth and
death process.

• This is a natural change

or demographic
reproduction.
 BROADER SCOPE
• The broader scope of
demographic reproduction
includes migration. It
means the
movement of people from
place to place.

• Migration has great influence

on population change.
• Within a country or an area, this
movement does not affect the total
size of the population.

• It changes the structure of the

population and area as well as the
living conditions of immigrants and
out-migrants.
• This process may also influence
the behaviour of the
inhabitants, especially out
migrants.

• Migrations have great influence on

population change.
• A balancing equation of population
change in time that involves the
relationship between birth, death
and migration is as follows.
• P1 = P0 + (B - D) + (I - O):
• where, P1 & P0 : Population at the
ending & begening point.
• B = # of Births in a period.
• D = # of Deaths in a period.
• I = # of In - migrants.
• O = # 0f Out - migrants
Importance…..
Reaffirming

• Changes in population
size
• Composition of
population
• Distribution of population
in space
 DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE
HIGH STATIONARY.

EARLY EXPANDING.

DEMOGRAPHY LATE EXPANDING.

CYCLE

LOW STATIONARY.

DECLINING.
DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE
High Birth Rate
HIGH STATIONARY. High Death Rate

EARLY EXPANDING. Unchanged Birth Rate

Decline Death Rate

LATE EXPANDING. Fall in Birth Rate

Death Rate further

LOW STATIONARY. Low Birth Rate

Low Death Rate

DECLINING. Birth rate lower than

Death Rate
 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHY
CYCLE & COUNTRIES
STAGE BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE COUNTRIES

High Stationary High High India (1920)

South Asia,
Early Expanding Unchanged Decline Africa
Further China,
Late Expanding Fall Singapore, India
Decline
Austria (1980-
Low Stationary Low Low 1985)
Germany,
Declining Further lowers Unchanged Hungary
• Three fourths of the world’s
population lives in the developing
countries
Birth and Death rates
• Birth rate: Decrease affected by:
• Changes in government attitudes towards

growth.
• Awareness and Education

• Increased availability of contraception

• Extension of services through F.P.
programme
• Marked change in marriage patterns
• Birth rate of WORLD fell gradually from 32.9 per
1,000 people

in1970 to 18.2 per 1,000 people in 2019.

• Death rate: Decrease affected

• Better MCH services
• Successful EPI immunization

• Diarrheal Disease Control and Acute

Respiratory Infection control
programme
• Control of other infectious diseases

• The death rate for World in 2019 was 7.579

• Growth rate
• CBR-CDR= Current Annual
Growth Rate Rating Ann
• GR like train ual
GR
%
Stationery No
growth
Slow <0.5
Moderate 0.5-1
Rapid 1-1.5
Very rapid 1.5-2
Explosive 2-2.5>
Factors affecting GR:
•Age distribution, marriage
customs, cultural, social and
economic factors.
• Peak around 1970
• 2.2% Africa, 1.5% Asia, 1.3% Latin
America, 0.2% in Europe.
• 95% in developing countries
• 1/3 population < 15yrs age group
• Estimated 10 billion by 2020
• Global total fertility rate 2.6%
• 176 people/ minute
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
1. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS : (major
classifications)
1. Measurement of Mortality. 2. Measurement of
Morbidity.
3. Measurement of disability. 4. Measurement of
natality.
5. Measurement of the presence, absence or
distribution of the characteristics or attributes of the
disease. 6. Measurement of medical needs, health care
facilities, utilization of health services and other health
related events. 7. Measurement of the presence,
 Demographic Trends in India
Rates, Ratios and Proportions
Epidemiologists express health events as Rates, Ratios and
Proportions

Rate: Measures the occurance of some particular event in

a population during a given period of time period. It is the
statement of the risk of of developing a
condition. It indicates the change in some event that takes
place in a population over a period of time
It comprises of:

1. numerator, 2. denominator and 3. multiplier.

Ratio: Expresses a relation in size between two
random quantities. (E.g) x : y (or) x/y

Proportion: Is a ratio which indicates the relation

in magnitude of a part of the whole. Expressed
in terms of Percentage.
The numerator is always included in
the denominator. A Proportion
is usually expressed as
percentage.
(Eg) The no. of children with scabies at
a certain time.
-----------------------------------------------------
 a. Demographic Indicators
The indicators are specified under 2
classifications
• Population Statistics:
• Population size,
• sex ratio,
• Density
• dependency ratio
• Vital Statistics:
• birth rate & death rate,
• natural growth rate,
• life expectancy at birth,
• mortality
• fertility rates.
Identify areas that need policy and
programmed interventions, setting near
and far term goals, deciding priorities
India
• Land area : only 2.4% of world land
area

• However support 17.5% of world’s

population
1921- big divide – absolute number of
people added to the population each
decade has been on the increase.

India is now the second most populated

country of the world after China.

Population of India is 1.37 billion or 1,369

millions in 2019,
compared to 1.354 billion in 2018.

Population growth rate for 2019 is projected

at 1.08%.
B,Age & sex composition

• 0-14 yrs : male population is

0.4% more than female
• 60+ : female population 0.7%
more than male
• Proportion < 14 yrs is showing
decline
• Proportion of elderly > :
burden on health services in
3 Age Pyramids:

Broad
base
tapering
top
- typical
of
develop
ing
country
4 Sex ratio:

• No of females/1000 males
• Sex composition is affected by
-mortality conditions of males and
females
-sex selective migration
-sex ratio at birth
-Female deficit syndrome is
considered adverse because of
social implications
• Low sex ratio indicates strong male child
preference
• Consequent gender inequities
• Neglect of girl child resulting in higher mortality at
younger age
• Female infanticide
• Female feticide
• Higher MMR
The easy availability and accessibility of sex
determination may be a catalyst for the same
Sex Ratio in India:
• Females : 48.0%
• Males : 52.0%
• Sex Ratio: 1.08(Males to Females)
Kerala is the only state with 1,058
females per 1000 males
Sex ratio at birth: No.of females per
1000 males
• Affected by sex selectivity
• 2014 – 2016 : 898
• There is urban - rural difference seen
seen
• Tamilnadu sex ratio is 903: U = 915
and R = 926
Child sex ratio: 0 – 6 years
5 Dependency Ratio:
Total dependency ratio (TDR) =
0-14 years of age + pop. >65
years x 100 population on
15 to 64 years
• Also called Societal dependency ratio

and can be divided as

• Young age D.R.(0-14),

• Old age D.R.(>65 years).

• 50.546 is the TDR (2016)
• Demographic bonus: connotes the period when
the DR in a population declines because of
decline in fertility, until it starts
to rise again because of increasing
longevity.

• Demographic burden: connotes the increase in

the TDR during any period of time , mostly
6 Density of the population
• One of the important indices
of population concentration
is the density of population.
• It is defined as the number of
persons living per sq km.
• The population density of India in
• 2016 was 401.4,
• 2011 was 382 per sq km as
compared to
• 325 in 2001,
• 267 in 1991
• and 77 in 1901.
7 Urbanization
• No.of persons residing in urban localities
• In India urban areas means:
• towns,
• places more than 5000 inhabitants,
• density not less 1000 persons per square
mile or 390 per Sq km
• and atleast 3/4th of the adult male population
are employed in pursuits other than
agriculture.
• according to
• 1901 census = was 11.4%.
• 2001 census = 28.53%
• 2011 census = crossed 30% as per
• In 2017, the numbers increased to 34%,
• according to The World Bank, by
2030, 40.76% of country's population
is expected to reside in urban areas.
• Annual urbanization increase is 2.8%
• Reasons for Urbanisation:
• Natural growth – through births
• Migration from villages for employment
• Attraction of better living conditions
• Availability of social services such as
education, health, transport, entertainment.
Continuous migration of people from
rural to urban will constitute a social
crisis in India, impacting quality of life.
8 Family size
The total number of children a
woman has borne at a point in time
Completed family size: Total number of children
borne by a
woman during her child bearing age between 15 – 45
years
*Family size depends on:
• duration of marriage,
• education of couple,
• the number of live births and living children,
• preference of male child,
• desired family size, etc
*Two child family norm→ long term demographic
9 Literacy and Education
• 1948: Declaration of human rights
stated that everyone has a right to
education, yet not realised.

• Education is a crucial element in economic

and social development

• 1991 census: literacy rate for the

population relating to seven years age

and above
• Literate: read and write with understanding in
any language
• Literacy is generally associated with
• Modernization
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Communication
• Commerce
• Crude literacy rate
=No.of Literate
persons x 100
Total population in
a given year

• Effective Literacy
rate
= No.of Literate persons aged 7 and
above x 100 Total population
aged 7 and above in a given
year
• 2001 : 304.1 million illiterates
• 2011 : 272.9 million (decline of
 • Kerala tops with 93.91 % literacy rate
• Tamilnadu is 80.33%
• Compulsory education up to 14
years GOI mandate.
10 Life expectancy
1. Life expectancy at a given age is the
average no.of years which a person of
that age may expect to live, according to
the mortality pattern prevalent in that
country.
1. Life expectancy at birth has been increasing
globally. In India it was
1. 1901 : 23.63 & 23.96

2. 2001 : 63.9 & 66.9

3. 2011 : 64 & 67

4. 2017 : 67 males and 70 females.

DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• 1. Measurement of Mortality.
• 2. Measurement of Morbidity.
• 3. Measurement of disability.
• 4. Measurement of natality.
• 5. Measurement of the presence,
absence or distribution of the
characteristics or attributes of
the disease.
• 6. Measurement of medical needs,
health care facilities, utilization of
health services and other health
related events.

• 7. Measurement of the presence,

absence or distributionof the
environmental and other factors
suspected of causing the disease.

• 8. Measurement of demographic
variables
 TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT

• An epidemiologist usually
expresses the health event as
RATES, RATIOS or PROPOTION.
 RATE
• A rate measures the
occurence of some particular
event in a population during a
given period of timeperiod.

• It is the statement of the risk

of of developing a
condition.
• It indicates the change in some event
that takes place in a population over a
period of time.

X 1000
• DEATH RATE = NUMBER OF DEATHS
X 1000
MID YEAR POP
 RATE : EXAMPLE

Weekly death rate = Deaths in a week x 52

x 1000
Mid year population
• A rate comprises the
following elements.

• 1. Numerator.
• 2. Denominator.
• 3. Multiplier.
The time dimension is usually a
calender year.

The rate is expresses per 1000

or some round figure.(selected
according to convenienceor
convention to avoid fraction).
 RATIO
• Ratio expresses a relation
in size between
two random quantities.

E.g., x : y (or) x/y.

• The numerator is not a component
of the denominator.
• The numerator and denominator
may involve an interval of time or
may be simultaneous in time.

The number of children with scabies at a

certain time.

The number of children with malnutrition

at a certain time
 PROPORTION
• A Proportion is a ratio which
indicates the relation in magnitude
of a part of the whole.

• The numerator is always included

in the denominator.

• A Proportion is usually expressed

as percentage.
 Example

The number of children with

scabies at a certain time.
x

1
0
0
The total number of children in
the village at the same time
 MEASUREMENTS OF
MORTALITY
• Mortality refers to the number of
deaths in a given time or a place or
a proportion odf deaths in relation
to a population.
• E.g., : 1. Crude Death Rate.
2. Infant Mortality Rate.
3. Maternal Mortality Rate
4. Life Expectancy.
 MEASUREMENTS OF
MORBIDITY
• It refers to diseases and illness,
injuries and disabilities in a
population.

• Data on the frequency and

distribution of a disease helps in
controlling its spread, and in some
cases it may lead to the
identification of cases.
 Example

• 1. Case Rate : The case rate is

the number of reported cases
of a specific disease or illness
per 100,000 population during
a given year.
• 2. Case Fatality Rate : The
Case Fatality Rate is the
proportion of persons
contacting a disease who
die of that disease during a
specified time period.
 MEASUREMENT OF
DISABILITY
• Dependancy Ratio : The ratio of the
economically dependent part of the
population to the productive part;
arbitrarily defined as the ratio of
the elderly ( ages 65 and older)
plus the young (under age 15) to
the population in the "working
ages".
 MEASUREMENTS OF
NATALITY
• Natality in population ecology is
the scientific term for Birth Rate.

• Along with mortality rate,

natality rate is used to calculate
the dynamics of a population.
• They are the key factors in
determining whether a population
is increasing, decreasing or
staying the same in size.

• Natality is the greatest influence on

a population’s increase.
• Natality is shown as a crude birth rate
or specific birth rate. Crude Birth
Rate is used when calculating
population size (number of births per
1000 population/year).

• whereas Specific Birth Rate is used

relative to a specific criterion such as
age. By calculating specific birth
rate, the results are seen in an age-
specific schedule of births.
FORMULAS
 BIRTH RATE (BR)

NUMBER IF LIVE BIRTHS DURING

THE YEAR.
BIRTH RATE = X 1000
ESTIMATED MID YEAR
POPULATION
 GENERAL FERTILITY
RATE (GFR)
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS
DURING A YEAR.
GFR = X 1000
MID YEAR FEMALE POP (15-49)
IN THE SAME YEAR
 GENERAL MARITAL
FERTILITY RATE (GMFR)
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS
DURING A YEAR.
GMFR = X 1000
MID YEAR MARRIED FEMALE
POP (15-49) YRS
 AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY
RATE (ASFR)
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN A
PARTICULAR AGE GROUP.
ASFR = X 1000
MID YEAR POP OF THE
SAME AGE GROUP
 AGE SPECIFIC
MARITAL FERTILITY
RATE (ASMFR)
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN A
PARTICULAR AGE GROUP.
ASMFR = X 1000
MID YAER POP OF THE SAME AGE
GROUP.
 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
(TFR)
• It is the average number of children
a women can give birth throughout
the reproductive period.

• It is represented by summing the

age specific fertility rates for all
ages; if 5 - year age groups are
used, the sum of the rates is
multiplied by 5.
 TFR

45 - 49
5X
TFR = 15 - 19 ∑ ASFR

1000
 TOTAL MARITAL
FERTILITY RATE (TMFR)

Average number of children

that would be born to a
married women if she
experiences the current
fertility pattern through her
reproductive span.
 TMFR

45 - 49
TMFR = 5 X ∑ ASMFR
15 -19

1000
 GROSS REPRODUCTION
RATE (GFR)
• Average number of girls that would
be borne to a women if she
experiences the curent fertility
pattern throught her reproductive
span (15 - 49 years) having no
mortality.
 NET REPRODUCTIVE
RATE (NRR)
• NRR is defined as the number of
daughters a new borne girl will
bear during her lifetime assuming
fixed age-specific fertility and
mortality rates.

• At presesnt in India NRR is about

1.5
• If NRR is < 1, then the reproductive
performance of the population is
said to be below replacement level.
 MARRIAGE RATES
• The marriage rate (CRUDE
MARRIAGE RATE) is the
number of marriages per 1000
total population in a given
year.
 MARRIAGE RATE

NUMBER OF MARRIAGES IN
THE YEAR
MR = X 1000
MID YEAR POPULATION
 CHILD WOMAN RATIO
• Is the number of children 0 - 4
yrs of age per 1000 women
of child bearing age.
 PREGNANCY RATE.
• It is the ratio of number of
pregnancies in a year to married
women in the ages 15-49 yrs.

• The "number of pregnancies"

includes all pregnancies, whether
or had terminated as live births,
stillbirths or abortions or had not
yet terminated.
 ABORTION RATE
• The annual number of all types
of abortions, usually per 1000
women of child bearing age
(15-19 yrs).
 ABORTION RATIO
• This is calculated by dividing
the number of abortions
performed during a
particular time period
by the number of live births
over the same
period.
 CRUDE DEATH RATE
(CDR)
NUMBER OF DEATHS DURING A
YEAR
CDR = X 1000
MID YEAR POPULATION
 SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM TB DURING A

CALENDER YEAR.
SDR = X 1000
MID YEAR POPULATION
 SPECIFIC DEATH RATE IN
AGE GROUP 15-20 YRS
NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
PERSONS AGED 15-20
SPECIFIC DEATH DURING A CALENDER
RATE (15-20 YRS) = YEAR. X 1000

MID YEAR POPULATION OF

PERSONS AGED 15-20
 DEATH RATE FOR
JANUARY
DEATHS IN
JANUARY X 12
DEATH RATE X 1000
FOR JAN = MID YEAR
POPULATION
 WEEKLY DEATH RATE

WEEKLY DEATHS IN THE WEEK

DEATH RATE X 1000
= MID YEAR POPULATION
CASE FATALITY RATIO
TOTAL NUMBER OF
DEATHS DUE TO A
PARTICULAR DISEASE
CFR =

X 100
TOTAL NUMBER OF
CASES DUE TO
THE SAME
DISEASE
 PROPORTIONAL
MORTALITY RATIO
NUMBER OF DEATHS
FROM THE SPECIFIC
DISEASE IN A YEAR
PMR = X 100
TOTAL DEATHS FROM
ALL CAUSES IN THAT
YEAR
 SURVIVAL RATE

TOTAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS

SURVIVAL ALIVE AFTER 5 YEARS
RATE = X 100
TOTAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS
DIAGNOSED OR TREATED
 STANDARDIZED
MORTALITY RATIO

OBSERVED DEATHS
SMR = X 100
EXPECTED DEATHS
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
(IMR)
NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN LESS THAN 1
YEAR OF AGE IN A YEAR
IMR = X 1000
NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS
IN THE SAME YEAR
 ATTACK RATE
NUMBER OF NEW CASES OF
A SPECIFIED DISEASE
DURING A SPECIFIED TIME
AR = INTERVAL
X 100

TOTAL POPULATION AT RISK

DURING THE SAME
INTERVAL
STILL BIRTH RATE (SBR)

FOETAL DEATHS WEIGHING

OVER 1000g AT BIRTH
DURING THE YEAR
SBR = X 1000
TOTAL LIVE + STILL BIRTHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g AT
BIRTH DURING THE YEAR
 PERINATAL MORTALITY
RATE (PMR)
LATE FOETAL AND EARLY
NEO NATAL DEATHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g
AT BIRTH
PMR = X 1000
TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS
WEIGHING OVER 1000g
AT BIRTH
NEONATAL MORTALITY
RATE (NMR)
NUMBER OF DEATHS
OF CHILDREN
UNDER 28 DAYS OF
NMR = AGE IN A YEAR X 1000

TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS IN

THE SAME YEAR
 POST NEONATAL
MORTALITY RATE
NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN BETWEEN 28
DAYS AND ONE YEAR OF
AGE IN A GIVEN YEAR
PNMR = X 1000

TOTAL LIVE BIRTHS IN THE

SAME YEAR
 CHILD DEATH RATE

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN AGED 1-4
YEARS DURING A YEAR
CDR = X 1000
TOTAL NUMBER OF
CHILDREN AGED 1-4
YEARS AT THE MIDDLE
OF THE YEAR
 CHILD MORTALITY RATE

NUMBER OF DEATHS OF
CHILDREN LESS THAN 5
YEARS OF AGE IN A
CMR = GIVEN YEAR X 1000

NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS

IN THE SAME YEAR
CHILD SURVIVAL INDEX

1000 - UNDER 5
MORTALITY RATE

10
 MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATIO
TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE DEATHS
DUE TO COMPLICATIONS OF
PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH OR
WITHIN 42 DAYS OF DELIVERY
FROM PUERPERAL CAUSES IN AN
AREA DURING A GIVEN YEAR X 1000 /
MMR = 100000
TOTAL NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS IN
THE SAME AREA AND YEAR
 DISABILITY RATES
• INDICATORS USED TO MEASURE
DISABILITY :

1. SULLIVAN INDEX

2. HEALTH ADJUSTED LIFE

EXPECTANCY (HALE).

3. DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE

YEAR
 SULLIVAN INDEX

LIFE EXPECTANCY - (PROBABLE DURATION

OF BED DISABILITY + INABILITY TO
PERFORM MAJOR ACTIVITIES)
 HEALTH ADJUSTED LIFE
EXPECTANCY (HALE)
• Is an indicator of health which
measures healthy life expectancy.

• HALE is equivalent to the number

of years newborn child expected to
live with full health.
 DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE
YEAR (DALE)
• Is used to express the years of life
lost to premature death and years
lived with disability for severity of
disability.

• ONE DALY = ONE LOST YEAR OF

HEALTHY LIFE
 CASE RATE
Number of reported
cases of a specific
disease or illness

100,000 population
during a given
year
EMIGRATION RATE

NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS
DEPARTING AN AREA
OF ORIGIN

1000 POPULATION AT THAT

AREA OF ORIGIN IN A GIVEN
YEAR
NET EMIGRATION RATE
The net effect of immigration and
emigration on an area's population
(increase or decrease) is refered
to as net migration.
The net migration shows the net
effect of immigration & emigration
on an area's population of the area
in a given year.
 GROWTH RATE
The growth rate is the rate at which a
population is increasing (or
decreasing) in a given year due to
natural increase and net migration,
expressed as a percentage of the base
population.

• The growth rate takes in to account all

components of population growth:
births, deaths and migration.
 LIFE EXPECTANCY
The number of years which an
individual at a given age
could expect to live, at
present mortality levels
 USES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
DATA
• Analysis patterns and trends
related to human religion,
nationality, education and
ethnicity.

• Estimates are reliable standards

for judging the accuracy of the
census information gathered at
any time.
• Estimates size and flow of
populations of workers; in
population ecology, the focus is on
birth, death and movement of
firms and institutional forms.

• Uses administrative records to

develop an independent estimate
of the population.
• Provides insight into the links
between these characteristics and
cultural, economic, geographic and
other social attributes present in a
given area.

• Demographic analysis is a
powerful tool that can explain a
number of sociological
phenomena.
• Used to estabilish the percentage
of the total population involved in a
particular resource use activity,
such as fishing or tourism.

• Apply to whole societies or to

groups defined by criteria such as
education, nationality, religion and
ethnicity.
• Analyzes the relationship between
economic, social, cultural and
biological proceses influencing a
population.

• Time and age have special

relationships in popultion studies,
from which cross sectional and
cohort analysis are developed.
• Relates to whole societies or to a
smaller groups defined
bycriteria such as education,
religion or ethnicity.

• Develops targeted outreach and

training activities for local
communities.
HEALTH
INFORMATION
SYSTEM (HIS)
 DEFINITION
• Heath Information or Medical
Statistics refers to any
quantifyable and non quantifiable
information that can be used by
health decision makers and
clinicians to better understand
disease process and health care
issues, and to prevent, diagnose or
treat health problems.
• Medical statistics deals with the
application of bio statistics to
medicine and the health sciences,
including epidemiology, public
health, forensic medicine and
clinical research.
• A HIS system refers to inter
related component parts for
acquiring and analysing data and
providing information for the
management of a health
programme or system and for
monitoring health services
 SOURCES OF HEALTH
INFORMATION
• The main population based
sources of health information are
as follows :
• 1. Census.
• 2. Household Surveys.
• 3. Sample Registration System.
• 4. Notification of Diseases'.
• 5. Hospital Records.
CENSUS
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
NOTIFICATION OF DISEASE
• 6. Disease Registers.
• 7. Record Linkage.
• 8. Epidemiological Surveillence.
• 9. Other Health Service Records.
• 10. Environmental Health Data.
• 11. Population Surveys.
• 12. Other routine statistics related
to health.
• 13. Non quantifiable information.
DISEASE REGISTERS
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
SURVEILLENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
SURVEILLENCE
POPULATION SURVEY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
DATA
RECORD LINKAGE
SOURCES OF HEALTH
INFORMATION
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
• There are two methods of
data collection:

1. DIRECT METHOD.

2. INDIRECT METHOD.
 DIRECT METHOD
1. VITAL STATISTICS REGISTRIES:
A. BIRTHS & DEATHS.
B. CENSUS.
C. LEGAL STATUS
(Marriage, divorce and
migration)
 CENSUS
• Census is taken typically every 10
yrs.

• Census are also used as direct

source of information about
fertility and mortality.
• The census is commonly
performed by a government
agency and the methodology
used is the individual or
household enumeration.

• In India the first census was taken

in the year 1901 on March 1st.

• The latest census was taken in the

year 2001 on March 1st.
The purposes for census include :

1. As a basis for taxation.

2. As a basis for
political
representation.
 INDIRECT METHOD
• THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS
AS FOLLOWS:

• 1. SISTER METHOD: The survey

researchers ask women how many
of their sisters have died or had
children and at what age.
• 2. OTHER INDIRECT METHOD
include asking people about
siblings, parents and
children.

• 3. RESEARCH SURVEY.

• 4. NATIONAL SAMPLE
SURVEY

• 5. SAMPLE REGISTRATION
SURVEY.
• 6. DEMOGRAPHIC METHODS :

• MODELS OF MORTALITY -
Life table, Gompertz models,
hazards models, multiple
decrement life tables, Brass
relational logits.

MODELS OF FERTILITY - Hernes

model, Coal-Trussell models,
parity progression ratios.
• MODELS OF MARRIAGE :
Singulate Mean at marriage, Page
model.

• MODELS OF DISABILITY :
SAULLIVAN'S METHOD,
MULTISTATE LIFE TABLES.
• POPULATION PROJECTIONS: Lee
Carter, the Leslie Matrix.

• MODEL OF MIGRATION : Keyfitz.

 APPLICATION-METHODS
OF DATA COLLECTION
I. PRIMARY DATA
collection is done by the individual
using:
1. Interviews.
2. Observation.
3. Questionnaires.
4. Diaries.
5. Critical incidents.
• SECONDARY DATA collection is
done by :
1.Census.
2. National Survey.
3. Registration of vital events.
4. Demographic studies.
5. Records.
RECORDS
NATIONAL SURVEY
NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY
 INTERVIEWS
• Interviews are undertaken on
personal, one to one basis or in a
group.The advantages of interview
method are as follows.

1. It is the best means to collect an

indepth information.
2. The feedback and response rate is
good.
3.The information is recorded
immediately and complete.

4. Help can be provided immediately.

 DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERVIEW
1.It is expensive and
time consuming.

2.Training is required in case of

employing many interviewers.

3.Pre fixed questionnaire are

required.
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
• An interview can be of three types:

1. STRUCTURED.

2. SEMI STRUCTURED

3. UNSTRUCTURED.
 OBSERVATION
• Is a method to record behavioural
pattern of people in a systematic
manner.

• The methods of observation

include: structured, un structured,
natural, personal, mechanical,
participant or non participant
observations.
• Observation method provides
information on what is actually
observed.

• Bias in observation method can be

eliminated by two observers.

• Hence this method has limitations

in eliciting accurate information.
 QUESTIONNAIRES

• Questionnaire is a common
method of data collection.

• It takes time and expertise to

prepare a structured questionnaire.
• The questionnaire can be used to
interview for a direct data
collection or a telephonic survey
could be conducted.

• It can be posted, emailed or

faxed.

• The main advantage of this method

is that there is no bias.
• The use of questionnaire is simple
but requires a certain level of
education and skill from
respondents.
 DIARIES
• Diaries are used to record data
obtained from the individuals.

• The data expressed in the diaries

are an indepth information and can
be used for reseaech purposes.
 CRITICAL INCIDENTS
• The critical incidents relating to
health - illness event is recorded
and used for arriving desicions
and policies regarding health
matters.
 II.SECONDARY DATA

• The secondary data is collected

indirectly (not from inviduals) from
other sources such as hospital
records, census data etc.
 SOURCES OF
DEMOGRAHIC DATA
• Census.
• Natioal Survey.
• Registration of vital events.
• Demographic studies.
• Records.
SURVEY
 CENSUS
• Census is the direct method of
collection of demographic data.

• Census is conducted by the

government every 10 yrs.
• Census is an attempt to contact
every member of the population in
a country.

• Census not only provides

information regarding the number
of people, but other relevant
information (age, gender, marital
status, occupation, education,
employment status, migration,
language, religion etc.)
• A census covers social &
economic aspects of a population.

• It is conducted at the end of first

quarter of each decade.

• The census commisioner of India

guides, operates, and directs
the census.
 REGISTRATION OF VITAL
EVENTS
• Registration of vital events is the
basis of vital statistics.

• Vital events refers to births, death,

migration, marriages, divorces,
foetal deaths are registration in
India.
• In 1873, Govt of India passed the
Birth, Deaths & Marriage
Registration Act.

• Indian states such as Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu etc have passed their
own acrs related to registration of
vital events.
• The main drawback in this
registration process is that it
has the provision only for
voluntary registration.

• So data is not accurate and

complete as people do not
voluntarily get the birth, death or
marriages registered.

• The data tends to be unreliable.

• The other reasons for
incompleteness include :
1. Illiteracy.
2. Ignorance.
3. Lack of concern.
4. Lack of motivation.
5. Lack of uniformity.
6. Multiple registration
agencies.
 NATIONAL SURVEY
• National Survey refers to the
survey conducted at central level
to collect the information related to
population from various states.
 DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES
• Studies conducted on demography
also provide data regarding the
population's education, occupation
etc.

• The demographic studies provide

information about the latest
demographic changes occuring
from time to time.
 RECORDS
• Records available in hospitals
constitute the basic and primary
source of information about births
and deaths due to specific
illness.

• Hospital data provides the

numerator. (not the denominator &
hence is incomplete)
 ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• The data thus collected should be
aranged in tables, charts,
diagrams, graphs, picture & curves
to stress important points.

• The data presented should be

based on the principles designed
to meet the criteria.
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
TABLE
• A table has a title, table number,
rows, coloums, row head, coloum
head.

• The data is presented as discrete

variables or as class intervals or
according to chronological
order or in alphabetical order.
 CHARTS
• The data collected could be
represented in the form of a chart.

• The data contained in a chart is

more easy to understand and
retained easily than a table.
 TYPES OF CHARTS :
1. BAR CHARTS. (simple. Compound,
Histogram)
2. LINE DIAGRAMS.
3. PIE CHARTS.
4. PICTOGRAM.
6. STATISTICAL MAP.
7.STATISTICAL AVERAGES &
DISPERSION OF MEASURES OF
VARIATION
BAR CHART
• Bar charts are easy to prepare.

• They enable values to be

compared at a glance.

• In bar charts, bars proportional to

the magnitude are presented.
 TYPES OF BAR CHARTS
1.Simple Bar
Chart.

2.Component
Bar Chart.

3. Histogram.
 SIMPLE CHART
• The simple bar
chart represents
observations
proportional to
the magnitude.

• 2. The bars can

be either vertical
or horizontal.
COMPONENT BAR CHART
1.The component
bar chart represents
many components.

2.The representation
could be either as
vertical or as
horizontal bars.
 HISTOGRAM
1. Histogram is a pictorical
diagram which consists
of series of blocks.

2.If the mid point of

histogrms blocks is
joined, then a line with
fluctuation is seen

3.frequency polygon is
obtained by joining the
mid points of histogram
blocks.
 LINE DIAGRAM
• Line Diagram show the trend of
events occuring over a pasage of
time in continuation such as rise or
fall of AIDS cases over a period of
5 years.

• i.e. during the year

2000,2001,2002,2003 & 2004,
LINE DIAGRAM
 PIE CHART
• Pie charts are diagramatically
represenred in circles with the
radius "O". and at radius angle 360
degree.

• The area of the circle in the form of

segment which depends upon the
angle.
• These segments within the circle
are comparable.

• The segments are indicated in

percentages.

• To find out the angle at radius "O"

from the data, can be calculated
using a formula.
Degree to be Given
presented percentage
x
= 360
100
 Example
• 75% of people are literate & 25% of
people are illiterate.
• Angle for literate = 75 /100 x 360 =
270.
• Angle for illiterate = 25 / 100 x 360 =
90.
REPRESENTATION

25% ILLITERATE
90
270
75% LITERATE
PIE CHART
TYPES OF PIE CHART
 PICTOGRAM
• In pictogram, small pictures or
symbols are used to present the
data.
PICTOGRAM
PICTOGRAM
HUMAN PICTOGRAM
 STATISTICAL MAP
• Statistical maps are used to
present the data of different sizes.

• The data are presented in form

of shaded maps or dot maps.
STATISTICAL MAP
 SCATERRED DIAGRAM
• When there is a
need to indicate the
relationship of two
variables,
scattered
diagrams are used.

• A linear relationship
is evident if the
dots are near or
around a straight
line.
 STATISTICAL AVERAGES
• Statistical averages refers to the
values in distribution, around
which other values are distributed
such as mean, median & mode.

• These are commonly used

averages which provide an
information of about central value.
STATISTICAL AVERAGES
DISPERSION OF MEASURES
OF VARIATIONS
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
• Normal distribution curve is used
to represent the values for a
very large number of people
after creating narrow class
intervals with frequency
distribution.

• The shape of the curve is based on

mean and standard deviation.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
CURVE
 CHI SQUARE TEST
• Chi square test
is used to test
the significance
of difference
between two
proportions.
CHI SQUARE
TEST
 CORRELATION
• A correlation test is
used to find out
the relationship
between two
variables.

• E.g., Relationship
between level of
knowledge and
practice.
 REGRESSION TEST
• Regression test
is used to find
out the
estimated value
of one variable
from value of
another.
 INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
• The data collected is analyzed and
interpreted.

• The interpretations are then

generalized to public.
• The values interpreted should be in
simple so as to make it
understandable.

• While interpreting, the maximum &

minimum values should be shown
so as to have an estimation in
between.
• The data represented shoul be
presents as rates, ratios,
proportions, percentage, mean,
median, mode and normal curve.

• The demographic data are usually

analyzed and interpreted by tables,
charts, diagrams, pie charts,
pictogram etc.
THANK YOU