Professional Documents
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Dr. T. T. Kachwala
Slide 2
M/s. P.M.S. Industries makes two kinds of leather purses for ladies.
Purse type ‘A’ is of high quality and purse type ‘B’ is of lower
quality. Contributions per unit were Rs.4 and Rs.3 for purse type
‘A’ and type ‘B’ respectively. Each purse of type ‘A’ requires two
hours of machine time per unit & that of type ‘B’ requires one hour
per unit. The company has 1000 hours per week of maximum
available machine time. Supply of leather is sufficient for 800
purses of both types combined per week. Each type requires the
same amount of leather. Purse type ‘A’ requires a fancy zip and 400
such zips are available per week, there are 700 zips for purse type
‘B’ available per week. Assuming no market or finance constraints
recommend an optimum product mix.
Example of Product Mix problem
The Boffin Investment Trust wishes to invest Rs.10,00,000. There are five different
investment choices. The current returns on investments are as follows:
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Investment choice : L M N O P
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Annual yield % : 10 8 6 5 9
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Because of risk element involved, management restricts the investment in L to not
more than the combined total investment in N, O and P. Total investment in M & P
combined must be at least as large as that in N. Also management wishes to restrict
its investment in M to a level not exceeding that of O.
Construct an LP model to determine the optimum allocation of investment funds
amongst these 5 choices.
Formulation (Modeling) of Linear Programming Problem
1. Proportionality: The contribution of each variable in the objective function on its usage of the
resources is directly proportional to the value of the variable. That is, if resource availability
increases by some percentage, then the output shall also increase by the same percentage.
2. Additivity: Sum of the resources used by different activities must be equal to the total quantity of
resources used by each activity for all the resources individually or collectively.
3. Divisibility: The variables are not restricted to integer values.
4. Certainty or Deterministic: Coefficients in the objective function and the constraints are
completely known and do not change during the period under study in all the problems that are
considered.
5. Finiteness: Variables and constraints are finite in number.
6. Optimality: In a linear programming problem we determine the decision variables so as to
optimise the objective function of the LPP.
7. The problem involves only one objective function namely profit maximisation or cost minimisation.
Slide 11
3. Identify feasible solution area and the corresponding corner (extreme) points
(extreme) point and identify the corner (extreme) point corresponding to the
optimum value of the objective function. Such a corner point represents optimum
Any unutilized (excess) capacity for ‘<’ constraint is referred to as the Slack
For ‘<’ constraint, Slack Variables are added to the left hand side of the
A problem may have a unique optimal solution, multiple optimal solutions, an unbounded
1. Unique optimal solutions means one optimum solution is available for LPP.
2. Multiple optimal solutions means more than one optimum solution is available for LPP
3. Unbounded solution is present when the feasible region is unbounded from above and the
objective function is of maximization type, so that it is possible to increase the objective function
value indefinitely. Optimum solution is not available. A minimization problem with non-negative
4. Infeasibility (no feasible solution) exists when there is no common point in the feasible areas for
the constraints of a problem. The feasible region is empty in such a case. Optimum solution is
Xi pi ci
Si 0 0
Ai M M
Slide 18
Simplex (Mathematical) Solution to Linear Programming
Working Rules and Guidelines