ANALYTICL DESIGN

Data Processing & Analysis

CONTENTS
 Data

 Information
 Data Anaysis

 Data Processing

 Steps in Data Processing

 Types Of Data Processing

 Data Processing Cycle

DATA
 The word data is derived from Latin language. It is plural of Datum. Data is any
collection of facts of figures. The data is the raw material to be processed by a
computer.

Example
Names of students, marks obtained in the examination, designation of employees,
addresses, quantity, rate, sales figures or anything that is input to the computer is
data.
 Even pictures, photographs, drawings, charts and maps can be treated as data.
 Computer processes the data and produces the output or result
INFORMATION
A collection of data which conveys some meaningful idea is information.
It may provide answers to questions like who, which, when, why, what, and how.

 Observations and recordings are done to obtain data, while analysis is done to
obtain information DATA VS
INFORMATION
INFORMATION
Time
12:05:57
Date Money
12/05/57 120,557

120557

DATA
DATA ANALYSIS
Steps in Data Analysis
I. Data Collection &
II. Exploration of Data
Preparation • Graphs
 Collect data • Descriptive stats
 Preparation of code books III. Data Analysis Method / Techniques
• Comparing means- Statistical testing
 Set up structure of data
• Correlations
 Enter data into a table • Text Analytics
 Screen data for errors
DATA PROCESSING
Data processing: is set of operations performed upon data, whether or not by
automatic means, such as collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation or
alteration to convert it into useful information.
or
 The processing of converting data into useful information.
 Data processing system: all the activities, equipment & personnel involved in
conversion of data into meaningful information.

Data Process Information

EXAMPLE OF DATA PROCESSING
ORGANIZING EXAMINATION
RECORDS
Input (Data)
 The subject teacher collects the
marked examination papers &
scores are entered on score sheet
 The score sheet are given to the
class teacher
Data
Process Output (Information)
• The class teacher calculate • A report card for each
the total & the average student is produced ,
score of each student • master report sheet for the
class is kept for future
reference.
Process Information
STEPS OF DATA PROCESSING
There are 6 steps included in Data processing:
I. Editing
II. Coding
III. Classification

IV. Data Entry

V. Validation
VI. Tabulation
I. EDITING
 Editing of data is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and
omissions and to correct these when possible.
 With regards to stages:

1. Field Editing
2. Central Editing

II. CODING
Coding refers to process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so
that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes.
E.g. Marital status
1) Male
2) Female
III. CLASSIFICATION
 Data having a common characteristics are placed in one class and in this way the
entire data get divided into a number of groups or classes.
 Types:

1. Classification according to attributes _(Demographics)

 Experience
 Marital status
 Education level

2. Classification according to class intervals _(Variables)

 Objective one questions
 Objective two and objective three questions
IV. DATA ENTRY
 After the data has been properly arranged and coded, it is entered into the software
that performs the eventual cross tabulation.
 Data entry professionals do the task efficiently.

V. DATA VALIDATION
• After the cleaning phase, comes the validation process.
• It refers to the process of thoroughly checking the collected data to ensure optimal
quality levels.
• All the accumulated data is double checked in order to ensure that it contains no
inconsistencies and is relevant.
VI. DATA TABULATION

 Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying the same in
compact form for further analysis.
 Benefits of data tabulation:

1. It conserves solace and reduces explanatory statement to a minimum

2. It facilitates the process of comparison
3. It facilitates the summation of items and detection of errors
4. It provides a basis for various statistical computations
TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING
Manual data Processing Mechanical Data Electronic Data Processing
 Data processing method Processing • In EDP statistics apps like
• Data processing method SPSS and STATA are used to
without using any
machine or tool to get with the help of  devices or process and analyze data
required results. machines that help the with the help of automated
people in data processing machines like PCs & Mini
 It is the lowest data
may be calculators and Computers.
process technique type writers etc. • Obviously, this method is
compared to mechanical • This method is faster faster, easier and more
and EDP. easier and more accurate accurate than others.
than manual data
processing.
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
 Once data is collected, it is processed to convert it into useful information.
 The data is processed again and again until the accurate result is achieved this is
called data processing cycle.
 The data processing is very important activity and involves very careful planning.
Usually, data processing activity involves three basic activities.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE ILLUSTRATION

Input Processing Output

Verification Classification Retrieval

Coding Calculation Conversion

Tabulation Summarizing Communication

 Any Question,
Comment , supplement