Chain of

Infection
Submitted by:
Luyun, erica mae v.
TUBERCULOSIS
 Causative
Suceptible Host: Agent:
People with HIV, person who
were infected with M. Myccobacterium
tuberculosis within the past 2 Tuberculosis
years, Children <5 y/o, Person
with past history of inadequately
treated TB, and people with Reservoir:
weak immune system Human host

Portal of Exit:
Portal of Entry: Nose (sneezing) and
Respiratory Tract Mouth (coughing,
(inhalation of the shouting, speaking)
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis)

Mode of Transmission:
Airborne
 Causative Agent
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TUBERCULOSIS The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the
body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB
bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TBrelated conditions exist: latent TB
infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be
fatal.

Reservoir
The human host serves as a natural reservoir for M. tuberculosis. The ability of
the organism to efficiently establish latent infection has enabled it to spread to
nearly one-third of individuals worldwide.

Portal of Exit
TB bacteria are spread through the air from one person to another. The TB
bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or
throat coughs, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria
and become infected.
 Mode of Transmission and Portal of Entry
Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air, not by surface contact.
TUBERCULOSIS Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M.
tuberculosis, and the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages,
upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs.

Susceptible Host
Generally, persons at high risk for developing TB disease fall into two
categories: Persons who have been recently infected with TB bacteria and
Persons with medical conditions that weaken the immune system.
Persons who have been Recently Infected with TB Bacteria
 Close contacts of a person with infectious TB disease
 Persons who have immigrated from areas of the world with high rates of TB
 Children less than 5 years of age who have a positive TB test
 Groups with high rates of TB transmission, such as homeless persons,
injection drug users, and persons with HIV infection
 Persons who work or reside with people who are at high risk for TB in
facilities or institutions such as hospitals, homeless shelters, correctional
facilities, nursing homes, and residential homes for those with HIV
 Breaking THE Chain of
Infection
 Tuberculosis can be prevented by taking care of
your body, covering your mouth when you cough or
sneeze, keeping up your immune system, always
taking medications when needed and staying as
healthy as possible!
 Take all of your medicines as they’re prescribed,
until your doctor takes you off them.
 Keep all your doctor appointments.
 Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you
cough or sneeze. Seal the tissue in a plastic bag,
then throw it away.
 Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
 Don’t visit other people and don’t invite them to
visit you.
 Stay home from work, school, or other public
places.
 Use a fan or open windows to move around fresh
air.
MALARIA
DISEASE
 Causative Agent:
Suceptible Host: P. Falciparum, P. Vivax,
People who live in or visit
P.Ovale, P. Malariae
areas where the disease is
common (African countries
south of the Sahara Desert,
The Asian subcontinent, and
New Guinea, the Dominican Reservoir:
Republic and Haiti) Human host

Mode of Transmission:
Vector Transmission
Infected mosquito then bites a Portal of Exit:
Portal of Entry: noninfected person. Any part of the human
On a bite of an body where a mosquito
infected female can bite
Anopheles
mosquito.
 Causative Agent
MALARIA Malaria is caused by single-celled protozoan
parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Four species
infect humans by entering the bloodstream:
Plasmodium falciparum, which is the main cause of
severe clinical malaria and death; Plasmodium vivax;
Plasmodium ovale; and Plasmodium malariae.

Reservoir
There is no animal reservoir for malaria parasites; it
is a purely human disease. Humans are their only
relevant reservoir.

Portal of Exit
Malaria spreads when a mosquito becomes infected
with the disease after biting an infected person
 Mode of Transmission and Portal of Entry
MALARIA All four human Plasmodium species are transmitted by the bite of an
infected female Anopheles mosquito. About 60–100 anopheline species
are able to transmit malaria in the world. The malaria parasites enter that
person's bloodstream and travel to the liver. When the parasites mature,
they leave the liver and infect red blood cells.
Other modes of transmission
 Because the parasites that cause malaria affect red blood cells, people
can also catch malaria from exposure to infected blood, including:
o From mother to unborn child
o Through blood transfusions
o By sharing needles used to inject drugs

Susceptible Host
The biggest risk factor for developing malaria is to live in or to visit areas
where the disease is common. There are many different
varieties of malaria parasites. The variety that causes the most serious
complications is most commonly found in:
 African countries south of the Sahara Desert
 The Asian subcontinent
 New Guinea, the Dominican Republic and Haiti
 MALARIA
Breaking Chain of Infection
 There's currently no vaccine available that offers
protection against malaria, so it's very important to take
antimalarial medication to reduce your chances of getting
the disease. However, antimalarials only reduce your risk
of infection by about 90%, so taking steps to avoid bites
is also important. When taking antimalarial medication:
o make sure you get the right antimalarial tablets before
you go – check with your GP or pharmacist if you're
unsure
o follow the instructions included with your tablets
carefully
o depending on the type you're taking, continue to take
your tablets for up to 4 weeks after returning from your
trip to cover the incubation period of the disease
 MALARIA
 Stay somewhere that has effective air conditioning and
screening on doors and windows. If this isn't possible,
make sure doors and windows close properly.
 If you're not sleeping in an air-conditioned room, sleep
under an intact mosquito net that's been treated with
insecticide.
 Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping
environments. Remember to reapply it frequently. The
most effective repellents contain diethyltoluamide (DEET)
and are available in sprays, roll-ons, sticks and creams.
 Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than shorts, and
wear shirts with long sleeves. This is particularly
important during early evening and at night, when
mosquitoes prefer to feed.