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Lecture axes


the theoretical framework of scientific research
 Contents of the theoretical framework
 Definition of variable
 Types of Variables
 Definition of hypothesis
 If - then statement
 Common types of hypotheses 9-2
the theoretical framework of
scientific research
the theoretical framework of scientific research is one of the most
important parts of scientific research, and it must be present mainly in
the scientific research that the researcher prepares, otherwise scientific
research will not be correct and complete, which will lead to the failure
of the research to reach its goal.

The theoretical framework includes information related to the scientific

research prepared by the researcher, which he collected through his
return to related sources and references related to scientific research

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 the theoretical framework of
scientific research
:The process of building a theoretical framework includes
Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your.1
model
2. Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive
.representation of your theory
Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for .3
relationships between the variables in
Your model

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 what is the variable?
A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. The values
can differ at various times for the same
object or person, or at the same time
.for different objects or persons
,Examples of variables are production units

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 Types of variables
The dependent variable The dependent variable is the variable that
follows the independent variable, and the effect on the independent
variable,
for example in studying the relationship between in the study of the
relationship between teaching methods and students ’marks, the teaching
method is the independent variable, and students’ marks are the
.dependent variable

The teaching Students

methods marks
I.v d.v

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 Types of variables
independent variable is defined as a variable that is changed or controlled in
a scientific experiment. It represents the cause or cause of this outcome. Any
change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent
variable. And an effect on the variable:
In a study to determine the effect of temperature on a plant, the independent
variable is temperature, while the plant is the dependent variable

Plant Temperature
d.v i.v

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Types of variables
Mediating variable :It has the effect of the change that occurs in the
dependent variable, so the intercepting variable does not add to the
variance that was explained by the independent variable, but the mediating
variable has an effect that interferes with the independent variable in
explaining the change. Meaning that unless the mediating variable appears,
the theoretical relationship between the two variables will not occur.
for example in studying the relationship between workforce diversity and
organization effectiveness (creative synergy) is Mediating variable

Academic achievement motivation

hours of study
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 Types of variables
Moderating variable
It refers to a variable that can strengthen, reduce, negate, or otherwise change
the association between the independent and dependent variables. Moderate
variables can also change the direction of this relationship. Intermediate
variables are useful because they help explain the links between the
independent and dependent variables

Workforce
diversity

Creative
synergy

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Definition of hypothesis
A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative, yet testable, statement, which
predicts what you expect to find in your
empirical data. , hypotheses can be defined as logically conjectured
relationships between two or more variables

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If - then statement
to any variable . To examine whether or not the conjectured relationships or
differences exist, these
hypotheses can be set either as propositions or in the form of if–then
statements. The two formats can be seen in
the following two examples.
Young women will be more likely to express dissatisfaction with their body
weight, when they are more
frequently exposed to images of thin models in advertisements.

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Common types of hypotheses
The directional hypothesis
It is the hypothesis that describes the direct relationship between the variables, or
the influence of a variable with another variable, for example: the more a child
watches television, the less his academic achievement is, or the more parents
control children, the greater their academic achievement.
Non-directional hypothesis
It is the hypothesis that confirms that there is a relationship between the
variables, in addition to the existence of differences between them, but without
.knowing the direction of this relationship
Example: There is a relationship between academic achievement and students
’attendance at school. In this example, the relationship between academic
achievement and student attendance is not known, whether it is positive or
. negative

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 Common types of hypotheses
The null hypothesis
It is denoted by H0, so it was named to deny any relationship between
two or more statistical variables, so that it is concerned with the negative
relationship between the variables, and this hypothesis is related to more
than one specific statistical community. Example: There is no relationship
between Facebook and academic achievement, or there is no relationship
between height and intelligence statistically,
Alternative hypothesis
Symbolized by H1, it was named as an alternative to the null theory, and
this hypothesis determines the statistical relationships or differences
between the variables, and examples of this type of hypothesis: There is a
clear relationship between smoking and the diseases it causes there is no
relationship between educational attainment and gender

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