Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bonding
Physical Science Covalent Bonding
CHAPTER III Localized Electron Bonding Model
(IntraMolecular Forces)
Molecular Structure
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonds form when atoms lose, accept or
share electrons

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In chemical bonding
• Atoms by
themselves are less
stable
• Atoms in
compounds
combined through
chemical bonding
more stable

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Compound
• A substance
formed when
two or more
elements join
together
chemically in
definite
amounts

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Chemical bond
• Electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence
electrons of an atom and which binds atoms together.
Also called intramolecular force.

• Types are:
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Metallic bond
1+
I 2+ 3+ 4± 3- 2- 1- VIII
II III IV V VI VII
Ionic Bonding
IONIC BONDING
• An ionic bond results from the transfer of one or more
valence electrons from one atom to another.
• This bond exists between a metal that has a tendency to
lose electrons and a nonmetal that has a tendency to accept
electrons.

M + NM
Lose e -
Gain e -

Becomes cation Becomes anion

IONIC BONDING
When a nonmetal and a representative-group metal react to form a
binary ionic compound, the ions form so that the valence electron
configuration of the nonmetal achieves the electron configuration
of the next noble gas atom. The valence orbitals of the metal are
emptied.
FORMATION of IONIC BOND
Formation of LiF lies in the electron configurations of Li and F:
1s 2s 2p
Li 
F  

These atoms form ions with electron configurations of noble gases.

Li+  same configuration as [He]
F- same configuration as [Ne]
IONIC BONDING
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method)

1. Write the chemical symbol Ex: Aluminum + Oxygen

2. Write the # of electrons to be
given and gained over the symbol
3. Criss-cross the electrons and drop
4. Simplify if necessary.
- same numbers
- even numbers
Example: Magnesium + Chlorine
Mg 2+
+ Cl 1-

Can give 2 e- Must gain 1 e-

After Criss-cross
Mg 2 + Cl 1

Mg Cl2
MgCl2
TRANSITION METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method)
Element Lower oxid Higher
# Oxid #
1. Same procedure with the
Cu +1 +2
representative-group metals but
Hg +1 +2
Transition metals have variable
valence electrons Co +2 +3
Ni +2 +3
Ex: Cu + O Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Cu + O
1+ 2-
Cu + O
2+ 2- Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
Cu2O Cu2O2 =CuO As
Sb
+3
+3
+5
+5
EXERCISE: REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS

Write the chemical formula:

• Sodium + Oxygen
• Magnesium + Bromine
• Beryllium + Sulfur
• Potassium + Fluorine
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  Be2S2  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
EXERCISE: TRANSITION METALS
Element Lower oxid Higher
Write the chemical formula: # Oxid #
Cu +1 +2
• Iron + Sulfur Hg +1 +2
• Cobalt + Oxygen Co +2 +3
Ni +2 +3
• Lead + Chlorine Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur  FeS

 Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2
 CoN
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2
 PbCl4
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write the lewis structure of IONIC compound..
1. From criss-cross method you know how
much electrons were given and gained
• It will be the charge of the element
2. After criss-cross method the subscript will be the
coefficient of the element
3. The metal should have no lewis dots since it donated
all its valence e- (to be stable)
4. The non metal should have 8 lewis dots since it
gained additional valence e- (to be stable)
5. Place the element inside a bracket
Example: Magnesium Chorine
Mg 2+
+ Cl 1-

Mg Cl2
MgCl2 Lewis structure
Charge: Mg , Cl2+ -

Coefficient: Mg , 2Cl
2+ -
EXERCISE: Draw the lewis structure
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to name the IONIC compound formula..

M + NM
Retain the name Change suffix to -IDE
Ex: Al2O3
Aluminum + Oxygen
Aluminum oxide
 TRANSITION METALS
How to name the IONIC compound formula..

M
Retain the name+ NM
Change suffix to -IDE
Then write oxid # in roman numeral
inside parentheses
Ex: Cu + O
1+ 2-
Cu + O
2+ 2-

Cu2O CuO
Copper (I) oxide Copper (II) oxide
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O Sodium oxide
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2 Calcium phosphide
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS Beryllium sulfide
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF Potassium fluoride
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Iron + Sulfur  FeS
 Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2
 CoN
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2
 PbCl4
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur  FeS Iron (II) oxide

 Fe2S3 Iron (III) oxide
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2 Cobalt (II) nitride
 CoN Cobalt (III) nitride
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2 Lead (II) chloride
 PbCl4 Lead (IV) chloride
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond is
formed when sharing
of an electron pair
between atoms exists.
This type of bonding
occurs between
nonmetals. It could be
polar or nonpolar.

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 Polar
Covalent
Bond
Nonpolar
Covalent
Bond
Polarity Electronegativity is the
tendency of an atom to
attract electrons toward
itself.

Dipole refers to the two

partially charged regions
or poles of a molecule.

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES
 Atoms of elements with high
electronegativity have a greater
tendency to attract electrons compared
to those with low electronegativity.
Ionic bond
ΔEN ≥ 1.7 The absolute value of
the electronegativity
Polar covalent bond difference (ΔEN)
between two atoms
1.7 > ΔEN > 0.4 gives an idea of the
type of chemical
Nonpolar covalent bonds that can exist
bond between them.
ΔEN ≤ 0.4
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or non-
polar covalent:
• The bond in CsCl
• the bond in H2S
• the NN bond in H2NNH2
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Covalent

How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..
“Elements follow Octet rule except for H”
Octet Rule Duet Rule
Elements form stable molecules when Hydrogen forms stable
surrounded by eight electrons. molecules where it shares two
electrons.
 How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..
1. Draw the lewis dot symbol of each element
2. Identify the # of electrons needed for bonding to
obey the rules
Duet rule Octet rule
3. Draw a ‘bond’ to connect the pair of electrons
found in the space between the atoms
4. Count the # of electrons surrounding the atom
• 1 bond = 2 bonding electrons
• # of non bonding electrons
2 e- 8 e-
EXERCISE
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the covalent
compounds:
1. Cl & Cl
2. H & O
3. C & H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the covalent
compounds:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
 How to write the chemical formula of COVALENT
compound..
1. Count for the number of atoms (No criss-cross & charge)
2. The less electronegative atom will be written first except for
Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3 and NH4

Ex:

H -1 ;F – 1
Chemical Formula: HF
EXERCISE:
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl Cl2
H&O H2O
C&H
CH4
How to name the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
• Except for Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3, NH4 and H-X (H
& halogen)

NM if >1 atom +
+ prefix +NM
prefix all the time
No change in suffix Change suffix to -IDE

Ex: CCl4 = Carbon tetrachloride

P2O5 = Diphosphorous pentoxide
 How to name the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
Prefixes
1 - mon(o)
2 - di
Roots of the Nonmetals
H - hyd Ex:
3 - tri C - carb
4 - tetr(a)
5 - pent(a)
N - nitr
P - phosph
N2O
6 - hex(a) As - arsen
7 - hept(a) O - ox NO3
8 - oct(a) S - sulf
9 - non(a)
10 - dec(a)
Se - selen
F - fluor
P2Cl7
Cl - chlor
Br - brom
I - iod
S2O10
For Hydrocarbons (C-H):
FORMULA NAME
CH4 Methane
C2H6 Ethane
C3H8 Propane
C4H10 Butane
C5H12 Pentane
C6H14 Hexane
C7H16 Heptane
C8H18 Octane
C9H20 Nonane
C10H22 Decane
For H-X (H + Halogen)
Hydrogen + Halogen(NO PREFIX NEEDED) Ex:
• If it is in gas form (g)
Name it as: “ Hydrogen + _X_-IDE gas” HBr
• If it is in aqueous form (aq) HCl
Name it as: “ Hydro + _X_-IC acid”
HI
Ex: HF (g) – Hydrogen fluoride gas
HF (aq) – Hydro fluoric acid
Localized Electron Bonding Model
Localized Electron Bonding Model
Description of valence electron arrangement (Lewis structure).
Prediction of geometry (VSEPR model).
Description of atomic orbital types used to share electrons or
hold lone pairs.
Writing Lewis structure
Types of covalent bond based on the number of bonding electron pairs:
1. Single bond
2. Double bond
3. Triple bond

NN
Steps in Writing Lewis structure
N – A = B
N = no. of e— needed to achieve noble gas configuration.
A = no. of e— available in valence shells of the atoms.

B = no. of bonding e—
B / 2 = no. of bonds
A – B = no. of e— in lone pairs
 Steps in Writing Lewis structure
Draw skeletal structure of compound showing what are bonded to each
other. Place the least electronegative atom at the center except H.

Use a pair of electrons to form a bond between each pair of bound atoms.

Arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy the octet rule (or duet rule for
hydrogen).
 Ex: PCl3 P–1
N
8x1
A
5x1
N – A = B Cl – 3 8x3 7x3
N = no. of e— needed to achieve noble total 32 26
gas configuration.
A = no. of e— available in valence shells N – A = B
of the atoms.  32 – 26 = 6 bonding e
6/2 = 3 bonds
B = no. of bonding e—
B / 2 = no. of bonds
A – B = no. of e— in lone pairs A – B =
26 – 6 = 20 non bonding e
 N A
Ex: PCl3 P–1 8x1 5x1
Cl – 3 8x3 7x3
Cl P Cl total 32 26

N – A = B
Cl  32 – 26 = 6 bonding e
6/2 = 3 bonds

Cl P Cl A – B =
26 – 6 = 20 non bonding e

Cl
EXERCISE
Draw the Lewis structure of each of the following molecules:
1. NH3
2. CCl4
3. NOCl
4. POCl3
5. HCN
 FORMAL CHARGE
Calculation of a formal charge on a molecule is a mechanism for
determining correct Lewis structures.
The formal charge is the hypothetical charge on an atom in a molecule or
polyatomic ion.

Formal Charge = valence _

(# of bond + # of non bonding e-)
 Formal charge and Lewis structure
For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there are no
formal charges is preferable to one in which formal charges
are present.
Lewis structures with large formal charges are less plausible
than those with small formal charges.
Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of formal
charges, the most plausible structure is the one in which
negative formal charges are placed on the more
electronegative atoms.
EXCEPTIONS to OCTET RULE
Incomplete octet
B/Be tends to form compounds in which the B/Be atom has fewer than eight
electrons around it (it does not have a complete octet).
EXCEPTIONS to OCTET RULE
Odd-Electron Molecules

Expanded Octet
Exceed the octet rule for one of several third-row (or higher) elements
SUMMARY (Writing Lewis Structure)
C, N, O, and F should always be assumed to obey the octet
rule.
B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around them in
their compounds.
Second-row elements never exceed the octet rule.
Third-row and heavier elements often satisfy the octet rule
but can exceed the octet rule by using their empty valence d
orbitals.
 EXERCISE
Draw the Lewis structure of each of the following
molecules:
  Sulfur trioxide, SO3
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Hydroxide, OH— Thiocyanate, SCN—
Carbonate, CO32— Boron trifluoride, BF3
Phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5
Sulfur hexachloride, SF
Molecular Structure
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
• 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule
• It plays an important role in determining chemical properties.

VSEPR Model
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model
• Useful in predicting the geometries of molecules
• The structure around a given atom is determined principally by
minimizing electron pair repulsions.
 Steps to Apply the VSEPR Model
• Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.
• Count the electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) and arrange them in
the way that minimizes repulsion.
• Determine the positions of the atoms from the way electron pairs are
shared.
• Name the molecular structure.
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Boron trifluoride
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Methane
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Phosphorus pentachloride
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Sulfur hexafluoride
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
• The electron-domain geometry is often not the shape of the
molecule.
• The molecular geometry is that defined by the positions of only
the atoms in the molecules, not the nonbonding pairs.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
EXERCISE
Identify the molecular geometry of each of the following molecules:
1. NH3
2. CCl4
3. NOCl
4. POCl3
5. HCN