Chemical

Bonding

Lewis Structure

Formal Charges

Molecular Geometry
C HEMIC A L B O N D IN G
 Chemical Bond
• Electrical attraction between the nuclei and
valence electrons of an atom and which binds
atoms together.
• Intramolecular force

• Types:
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Metallic bond
Chemical bonds form when atoms lose,
accept or share electrons

Source: scotdir.com
In chemical bonding
•Atoms by
themselves are
less stable
•Atoms in
compounds
(combined
through
chemical
bonding) are
more stable
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Compound
•A substance
formed
when two or
more
elements
join together
chemically in
definite
amounts
Source: Anatomyandphysiology.com
 Representative-Group
Elements
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
 Element Lower oxid # Higher Oxid #

Cu +1 +2
Hg +1 +2
Transition Metals
Co +2 +3
Ni +2 +3
Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
IONIC BONDING
• Results from the transfer of one or more valence
electrons from one atom to another.
• Exists between a metal that has a tendency to
lose electrons and a nonmetal that has a
tendency to accept electrons.

M + NM
IONIC BONDING
When a nonmetal and a representative-group metal
react to form a binary ionic compound, the ions form
so that the valence electron configuration of the
nonmetal achieves the electron configuration of the
next noble gas atom. The valence orbitals of the metal
are emptied.
 FORMATION of IONIC BOND
— Formation of LiF lies in the electron configurations of Li and F:
1s 2s 2p
Li ↑↓ ↑
F ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑

These atoms form ions with electron configurations of noble gases.

Li+ ↑↓ same configuration as [He]
F- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ same configuration as [Ne]
IONIC BONDING
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method)
1. Write the chemical symbol
2. Write the # of electrons to be
given and gained over the
symbol
3. Criss-cross the electrons and
drop
4. Simplify if necessary.
- same numbers
- even numbers
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
Example: Magnesium + Chlorine

Can give 2 e- Must gain 1 e-

EXERCISE: REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
Write the chemical formula:
• Sodium + Oxygen
• Magnesium + Bromine
• Calcium + Phosphorous
• Beryllium + Sulfur
• Potassium + Fluorine
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen à Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine à MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous à Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur à Be2S2 à BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine à KF
TRANSITION METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method) Element Lower Higher
oxid # Oxid #
1. Same procedure with the Cu +1 +2
representative-group metals Hg +1 +2
but Transition metals have
Co +2 +3
variable valence electrons
Ni +2 +3
Ex: Cu + O Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Cu1+ + O2- Cu2+ + O2- Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
Cu2O Cu2O2 =CuO As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
EXERCISE: TRANSITION METALS
Element Lower Higher
Write the chemical formula: oxid # Oxid #
Cu +1 +2
• Iron + Sulfur Hg +1 +2
• Cobalt + Oxygen Co +2 +3
• Lead + Chlorine Ni +2 +3
Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur à FeS

à Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen à Co3N2
à CoN
• Lead + Chlorine à PbCl2
à PbCl4
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write the Lewis structure of IONIC
compound..
1. From criss-cross method you know how
much electrons were given and gained
• It will be the charge of the element
2. After criss-cross method the subscript will be
the coefficient of the element
3. The metal should have no lewis dots since it
donated all its valence e- (to be stable)
4. The non metal should have 8 lewis dots since it
gained additional valence e- (to be stable)
5. Place the element inside a bracket
 Example: Magnesium Chloride

Charge: Mg , Cl
2+ -

Coefficient: Mg , 2Cl
2+ -
EXERCISE: Draw the Lewis structure
• Sodium + Oxygen à Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine à MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous à Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur à BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine à KF
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to name the IONIC compound formula..

M + NM
Retain the name Change suffix to -IDE
 Root words of the Nonmetals

H - hydr
C - carb
N - nitr
P - phosph
As - arsen
O - ox
S - sulf
Se - selen
F - fluor
Cl - chlor
Br - brom
I – iod
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Sodium + Oxygen à Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine à MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous à Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur à BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine à KF
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen à Na2O Sodium oxide
• Magnesium + Bromine à MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
• Calcium + Phosphorous à Ca3P2 Calcium phosphide
• Beryllium + Sulfur à BeS Beryllium sulfide
• Potassium + Fluorine à KF Potassium fluoride
 TRANSITION METALS
How to name the IONIC compound formula..

M + NM
Retain the name Change suffix to -IDE
Then write oxidation # in roman numeral
inside parenthesis
Cu1+ + O2- Cu2+ + O2-
Cu2O CuO
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Iron + Sulfur à FeS
à Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen à Co3N2
à CoN
• Lead + Chlorine à PbCl2
à PbCl4
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur à FeS Iron (II) sulfide

à Fe2S3 Iron (III) sulfide
• Cobalt + Nitrogen à Co3N2 Cobalt (II) nitride
à CoN Cobalt (III) nitride
• Lead + Chlorine à PbCl2 Lead (II) chloride
à PbCl4 Lead (IV) chloride
A covalent bond is
formed when
sharing of an
electron pair
between atoms
exists. This type of
bonding occurs
between
nonmetals. It could
be polar or
nonpolar.
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Polyatomic Ions
Nonpolar
Covalent
Bond
 Polar
Covalent
Bond
Polarity Electronegativity is
the tendency of an
atom to attract
electrons toward
itself.

Dipole refers to the

two partially
charged regions or
poles of a molecule.
Source: www.alvelchem. com
Atoms of elements with high
electronegativity have a
greater tendency to attract
electrons compared to those
with low electronegativity.
Ionic bond The absolute
ΔEN ≥ 2.0 value of the
electronegativity
Polar covalent bond difference (ΔEN)
between two
2.0 > ΔEN ≥ 0.3 atoms gives an
idea of the type of
Nonpolar covalent chemical bonds
bond that can exist
ΔEN < 0.3 between them.
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar
covalent, or non-polar covalent:
• The bond in CsCl
• the bond in H2S
• the NN bond in H2NNH2
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Nonpolar Covalent

How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..

— Octet Rule — Duet Rule

— Elements form stable molecules — Hydrogen forms stable
when surrounded by eight molecules where it shares
electrons. two electrons.
 How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..
1. Draw the lewis dot symbol of each
element
2. Identify the # of electrons needed for
bonding to obey the rules
3. Draw a ‘bond’ to connect the pair of
electrons found in the space between the
atoms
4. Count the # of electrons surrounding the
atom
• 1 bond = 2 bonding electrons
• # of non bonding electrons
EXERCISE
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the
covalent compounds:
1. Cl & Cl
2. H & O
3. C & H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the
covalent compounds:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
 How to write the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
1. Count for the number of atoms (No criss-cross & charge)
2. The less electronegative atom will be written first except for
Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3 and NH4

Ex:

H -1 ;F – 1
Chemical Formula: HF
EXERCISE:
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
How to name the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
• Except for Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3, NH4 and
H-X (H & halogen)

NM + NM
+ prefix if >1 atom + prefix all the time
No change in suffix Change suffix to -IDE
How to name the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
Ex:
Prefixes Roots of the Nonmetals
1 - mon(o) H - hyd
2 - di C - carb
3 - tri
4 - tetr(a)
N - nitr
P - phosph
N2O
5 - pent(a)
6 - hex(a)
As - arsen
O - ox NO3
7 - hept(a)
8 - oct(a)
S - sulf
Se - selen P2Cl7
9 - non(a) F - fluor
10 - dec(a) Cl - chlor
Br - brom
S2O10
I - iod
Naming Hydrocarbons (C-H):
FORMULA NAME
CH4 Methane
C2H6 Ethane
C3H8 Propane
C4H10 Butane
C5H12 Pentane
C6H14 Hexane
C7H16 Heptane
C8H18 Octane
C9H20 Nonane
C10H22 Decane
Naming H-X (H + Halogen)
Hydrogen + Halogen(NO PREFIX NEEDED) Ex:
• If it is in gas form (g)
Name it as: “ Hydrogen + _X_-IDE gas”
HBr
HCl
• If it is in aqueous form (aq)
Name it as: “ Hydro + _X_-IC acid” HI
Ex: HF (g) – Hydrogen fluoride gas
HF (aq) – Hydrofluoric acid