Chemical Names

and Formulas
 Ionic Compounds
 Covalent Compounds
 Chemical Bonding
All the elements on the periodic table will
try and achieve a stable arrangement of
electrons like the noble gases.
They will do this by undergoing chemical
reactions and forming bonds with other
elements to gain lose or share electrons
Ionic
Compounds
 Vocabulary Terms
Monatomic ion- a single ion, Ca2+
or Cl1-
Binary Compound – made of two
different elements bonded together
Ternary Compounds – an ionic
compound composed of three
elements
Polyatomic Ions – an ion
composed of several atoms, CO3-
◦What is the electrical
charge of an ionic
compound?
◦Compounds composed of
cations and anions are
called ionic compounds.
Ionic Compounds

Ionic bonds
form between
metals and
nonmetals by
a transfer of
electrons.
Ionic compound:
A compound that results when a
metal reacts with a nonmetal to
form ions called cations and anions.

Ionic compound:
Metals + Non-metals
Metals + Polyatomic Ions
Cations –
Positive ions formed when
metal atoms lose electrons

Ca+2 Na+1 Al+3

Cation name = name of

metal atom
Nomenclature of Cations
Rule: Name of the element + the word
“ion”

Example: Sodium Ion, Calcium Ion,

Lithium Ion, Potassium Ion
Anions –
Negative ions formed when
nonmetal atoms gain electrons
Cl-1 S­-2 N-­ 3

Anion names end in -­ide

 Nomenclature of Anions
Rule: Name of the element but “ide”
replaces the normal ending of the elements
name

Example: fluoride, chloride, bromide,

astatide
Activity 1: Determine what type of ion will be
formed by the given element. Name the ion,
afterwards.

1. Al 6. Fr
2. Br 7. K
3. O 8. Cs
4. Mg 9. F
5. I 10. Ti
Familiarize this…
1. Cations with a +1 charge are formed by
Group I A elements.
2. The elements of Group II A remove two
electrons to form cations with a +2 charge.
3. Transition metals are found in Groups III
B to II B (3–12). These elements form
cations with varying extents of charge.
Charges of +2 or +3 are common, but
charges ranging from +1 to +6 are
possible.
Familiarize this…
4. Metals in Group III A form cations
with a +3 charge. Boron (B) is a
metalloid in this group and typically it
does not form a cation.
5. Group IV A metals form cations with
a +4 charge, whereas tin (Sn) and lead
(Pb) can form cations with a +2 charge.
Carbon (C) and silicon (Si) are
nonmetals that rarely form cations.
Familiarize this…
5. Group V A nonmetals nitrogen (N),
and phosphorous (P) form anions with a
–3 charge. The anion of arsenic (As) has
a –3 charge, but it can also form cations
with a +3 or +5 charge. Bismuth (Bi) is
similar to arsenic in its behavior.

6. Nonmetals in Group VI form anions

with a –2 charge. Polonium (atomic
number 84) only produces cations.
Familiarize this…

7. Anions with a charge of

–1 are formed by Group
VII A elements.
8. Normally, Group VIII A
elements are uncharged.
 How do we know the charges?
• Group 1 elements – lose 1e­ = +1
charge
• Group 2 elements – lose 2e­ = +2
charge
• Group 13 elements – lose 3e­ = +3 charge
• Group 14 elements – gain/lose 4­ = +4/-­4
• Group 15 elements – gain 3e­ = -­ 3 charge
• Group 16 elements – gain 2e­ = -­2 charge
• Group 17 elements – gain 1e­ = -­1 charge
• Group 18 elements do not gain or
Transition Metal Ions ­Stock System
– use roman numerals to denote charge

• Fe2+ Iron (II) + ion

• Fe3+ Iron (III) ion
• Cu+ Copper (I) ion
• Cu2+ Copper (II) ion
• Au+ Gold (I) ion
• Au3+ Gold (III) ion
 Special exceptions
Regular (non-transition) metals with multiple charges

•
Sn 2+Tin (II) ion
•
Sn 4+
Tin (IV) ion
•
Pb2+ Lead (II) ion
•
Pb 4+
Lead (IV)
ion
You MUST write roman numerals for these
elements
 Special exceptions
Transition metals with single charges

• Silver (Ag +) ion

• Zinc (Zn 2+) ion
• Cadmium (Cd 2+)
ion
Do not write roman numerals for these elements
Activity: Quick Recall
What are the charges of these elements?

1. Al 6. Fr
2. Br 7. K
3. O 8. Cs
4. Mg 9. F
5. I 10. Ti
 Polyatomic Ions
Ions that contain 2 or more
nonmetal elements
Groups of nonmetal atoms
that carry a charge
 Ionic Bonding
• The electron moves from the
metal atom to the nonmetal
atom
• Opposite charges hold the ions
together
+ ­-
Metal Nonmetal
 Formation of Ionic Compounds
 Ionic Bonds
The electrostatic forces that hold ions together
in ionic compounds are called ionic bonds.
 Ionic Bonding

Na Cl
The dots around the element
symbol are called Lewis Dots
and represent the VALENCE
electrons for the atom
 Ionic Bonding

Na Cl Sodium (Na) transfers its

ONE valence electron to
Chlorine (Cl) and gives
Chlorine a full octet
 Ionic Bonding

­
Na Cl
+1 -1
Result is a positive Na ion
and a negative Cl ion that are
attracted to each other
(opposite charges)
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds

metal + nonmetal with “ide” ending

metal + polyatomic ions

Writing a binary chemical formula
3+ 1-
Al Br
Metal ion is always
written first

AlBr3
 -1

Al +3 Br -1

-1
Writing a binary chemical formula
2+ ­3-
Ca P
Metal ion is always
written first

Ca3P2
Ca 2+
­
P
Ca 2+
­
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Type I (Metals and Non-Metals)

1. Name the metal ion (same as a

metal atom)

2. Name the nonmetal ion (by

changing the ending and adding ­-
ide)
Activity 2: Form an Ionic Compound.
Write the chemical formula and name it.

• Magnesium and Sulfur

• Calcium and Bromine
• Potassium and nitrogen
• Aluminum and Oxygen
• Strontium and
Phosphorous
Activity: Give the chemical formula.

calcium chloride
barium oxide
aluminum sulfide
lithium selenide
 Naming Type II Compounds
Stock system (Roman Numerals)
for Transition metals

1. Determine if 1st element is a

transition metal
2. If yes, use roman numerals when
naming
Don’t Forget the Exceptions!
• Silver (Ag) and Zinc (Zn) do
not get a roman numeral

• Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn) must

have roman numerals
 Stock System
(for transition metals)

• Copper (II) chloride =

• Copper (I) chloride =
• Iron (III) chloride =
• Iron (II) chloride =
• Tin (IV) chloride =
• Tin (II) chloride =
 Ternary Compounds:
(w/ polyatomic ions)
(Type I or II)
• Formed from a metal cation
and a polyatomic anion
• Contain 3 or more different
elements in the formula
• Use ( ) around polyatomic
there
ions ifis more than 1. Al(NO3)3
Naming Ternary compounds:

1. Name the metal

cation
2. Name the polyatomic
ion
3. Finally combine them!
 1+
NaOH
Na OH -

Not
Na(OH)
Mg 2+ OH - ­ Mg(OH)2

Not MgOH2
 +1 -1
K NO3 ­

KNO3
Potassium nitrate
YOU TRY!

Ca 2+ PO4 3­

Ca3(PO4)2
NH4 1+ SO3 2-­

(NH4)2SO3

Ammonium sulfite
Cu2+ SO42-­

CuSO4

Copper (II) sulfate

 NO2 -1
Fe2+
 Reviewing Ionic Formulas

• An –ide ending usually indicates a binary

compound (two elements – metal and
nonmetal)
• An –ate or – ite ending indicates a
polyatomic ion that has oxygen in the
formula
• ate = more oxygens (3 or 4) ­
• ite = fewer oxygens (2)
 Reviewing Ionic Formulas
• A roman numeral after the name of a cation
shows the ionic charge on the transition
metal cation
• Ions in the same group have similar charges
(due to the same number of valence electrons)
• Use ( ) around polyatomic ions if there is
more than one*
* If there is only one, do not use ( )
Covalent
Compounds
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Covalent compounds are typically formed
between non-metal atoms. Non-metals are
elements from the right side of the
periodic table, such as carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N),
and many others.
 FORMATION OF COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
 sharing of electrons to achieve stability
 Covalent compounds are formed when
non-metal atoms come close enough to
each other that their outermost electron
orbitals overlap.
 Each shared pair of electrons forms a
covalent bond.
 Type of Covalent Bonds

a. Single Covalent Bond:

In a single covalent bond, two atoms share

one pair of electrons. For example, in the
molecule H2 (hydrogen gas), two hydrogen
atoms share one pair of electrons to form a
single covalent bond.
 Type of Covalent Bonds

b. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds:

Some compounds, such as oxygen (O2)

and nitrogen (N2), form double and triple
covalent bonds, respectively. In these
bonds, two or three pairs of electrons are
shared between the atoms.
Molecular Formulas
Show the kinds and numbers of
atoms present in a molecule of
a compound.

Molecular Formula = H2O

 Structural formula

H N H
H
Molecular formula NH3
Molecular Formulas
Examples

• CO2

• SO3
Try writing the structural formulas
of the following molecular formulas.

Examples

• CO2

• SO3
Non-metals with expanded octet:
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus can form compounds
where it has more than eight valence electrons.
Common examples include phosphorus
pentachloride (PCl5) and phosphorus hexachloride
(PCl6).

Sulfur (S): Sulfur is another element that can

exceed the octet rule. For instance, sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) has sulfur with 12 valence
electrons.
Non-metals with expanded octet:

Chlorine (Cl): Chlorine can sometimes

accommodate more than eight electrons when it
forms compounds like chlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7).

Bromine (Br) and Iodine (I): These elements can

also form compounds that exceed the octet rule,
such as bromine pentafluoride (BrF5) and iodine
heptafluoride (IF7).
Activity: Draw the structural formula of the given
covalent compounds.
a. Methane (CH4):
b. Ethene (C2H4):
c. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):
d. Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)
e. Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6):
 Naming Molecular
Compounds
(Covalent)

Nonmetal + Nonmetal
 Rules for Naming
Molecular compounds
• The less electronegative nonmetal
element is written first (the one that is
furthest left)
• The most non­metallic of the two
nonmetals is written last in the
formula
• NO2 not O2N
• All molecular compounds end in -­ide
 Molecular
compounds
• Ionic compounds use charges to
determine the chemical formula
• The name of the molecular compound
indicates the chemical formula.
• Uses prefixes to tell you the quantity of
each element.
• You need to memorize the prefixes !
Prefixes
• 1 mono­
• 2 di­
• 3 tri­
• 4 tetra­
• 5 penta­ Memorize!
• 6 hexa­
• 7 hepta­
• 8 octa­
• 9 nona­
• 10
deca­
 More Molecular Compound
Rules
• If there is only one of the first element do
not put mono­
Example: carbon monoxide (not monocarbon monoxide)

• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop

the vowel ending from all prefixes except
di and tri
• monoxide not monooxide
• tetroxide not tetraoxide
Molecular
compounds

N2O5
Molecular
compounds

N2O5
di
 Molecular
compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
 Molecular
compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen penta
 Molecular
compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
 Molecular
compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
 Molecular
compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
pentoxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
Molecular
compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular
compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular
compounds
Sulfur trioxide

S O3
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
S O3
SO3
 Practice by naming these:
N O = dinitrogen monoxide
2 (also called nitrous oxide or laughing gas)
 NO
2 = nitrogen dioxide
 Cl O7
2
= dichlorine heptoxide
 CBr = carbon tetrabromide
4

 CO = carbon dioxide
2
(This one will not use prefixes, since it is
 BaCl an ionic compound!)
2
Activity: Write formulas for these:
diphosphorus pentoxide
tetraiodine nonoxide
sulfur hexafluoride
nitrogen trioxide
carbon tetrahydride
phosphorus trifluoride
Activity: If given the name of the compound, write the
molecular formula. If given the molecular formula,
write the name of the compound.

1. diphosphorus 6. CCl4
pentoxide 7. dihydrogen oxide
2. trisulfur 8. sulfur
hexafluoride hexachloride
3. nitrogen triiodide 9. IF7
4. PCl5 10.SeO
5. CO3
 Section 7.1 Part 3
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Molecular Compounds
 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

and writing formulas for
binary molecular
compounds.
 Molecular compounds are…
 made of just nonmetals
 smallest piece is a molecule
 can’t be held together by
opposite charge attraction
 can’t use charges to figure out
how many of each atom (there
are no charges present)
Molecular compounds are easier!
 Ioniccompounds use charges to
determine how many of each.
– You have to figure out charges.
– May need to criss-cross numbers.
 Molecularcompounds: the name
tells you the number of atoms.
– Uses prefixes to tell you the exact
number of each element present!
 Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)
 1 = mono-
 2 = di-
 3 = tri-
 4 = tetra-
 5 = penta-
 6 = hexa-
 7 = hepta-
 8 = octa-
 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:

Prefix & name Prefix & name -ide

 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:

Prefix name Prefix name -ide

 One exception is we don’t write

mono if there is only one of the first
element.
 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:

Prefix name Prefix name -ide

 One exception is we don’t write mono if
there is only one of the first element.
 Normally, we do not have double vowels
when writing names (oa oo)
 Practice by naming these:
N O = dinitrogen monoxide
2 (also called nitrous oxide or laughing gas)
 NO
2 = nitrogen dioxide
 Cl O7
2
= dichlorine heptoxide
 CBr = carbon tetrabromide
4

 CO = carbon dioxide
2
(This one will not use prefixes, since it is
 BaCl an ionic compound!)
2
 Write formulas for these:
diphosphorus pentoxide
tetraiodine nonoxide
sulfur hexafluoride
nitrogen trioxide
carbon tetrahydride
phosphorus trifluoride