TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION( INTERVIEW)

PRESENTED BY

R.SREERAJA KUMAR
PROFESSOR
SNSR, SHARDA UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Research instrument or a tool is a device used to measure
the concept of interest in research study. Interview is a
method of data collection in which the researcher
interacts directly with participant one-on –one via
telephone or in a person get information that is relevant
for the research question. Interview provides a wide
range of data. It provides information about person’s
feelings, perception and opinions.
DEFINITION OF INTERVIEW
 A method of data collection in which one person
(interviewer) asks question from another person
(respondent) conducted either face to face or
telephonically.
 The conversation among more than one
people( interviewers and interviewee) where questions
are asked by the interviewers to obtain information from
the interviewee is known as interview.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEW
 The participant, the interviewer, and the respondent are
strangers.
 Interview is a mode of obtaining verbal answers to
question put verbally.
 The investigator record information furnished by the
respondent in the interview.
 Interview is not a mere casual conversational exchange, but
a conversation with a specific purpose.
CONT….
 The interaction between the interviewer and the
respondent need not necessarily be face to face because
interview can be conducted over telephone also.
 Interview is an interactional process- the interaction
between the interviewer and the respondent depend on
how they perceive each other.
BENEFITS OF INTERVIEW
 Provide in – depth and detailed information: The greater
value of this method is the depth and detail of information that
can be secured.
 Data from illiterate subjects.
 It is higher response method: people who would normally
ignore a questionnaire are willing to talk with an interviewer.
For e.g. Hospitalized patients.
 Clarify misunderstandings
 Ask questions at several levels to gather information from
the subjects.
CONT…
Accuracy can be checked : the accuracy and dependability
of the answers given by the respondent can be checked by
observation.
Flexible and adaptable: interviews are flexible and
adaptable to individual situations.
For people who are unable to write their responses. For
e.g. Blind people.
STEPS IN INTERVIEW PROCESS
The Steps included in interview process are:
1.Make preliminary Arrangement for the
interview
2.Conduct the interview
3.Wrap up the interview
 
MAKE PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENT FOR THE INTERVIEW
 Training the interviewer: individual the interview conducting the
interview needs to be trained on posing questions in a proper and
sequential manner.
 Preparing for interview: A plan of the interview along with a schedule
or list of questions to be posed has to be determined in advance.
 Familiarity with interview schedule
 Fix up appointment
 Appearance and dress
 Preparation of environment
CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
 Preliminary introduction: the researcher must introduce himself or
herself to the respondents and explain the purpose of the interview,
interview schedule, ethical aspect such as confidentiality and
anonymity.
 Establishing rapport: The researcher should build a friendly and
pleasant atmosphere for the subject and promise them confidentiality.
 Word the question carefully: questions shall be worded in a clear,
double meaning may be avoided.
 Plan sequence of the questions: order the questions from impersonal
to personal, less sensitive to more sensitive, general to specific.

 
CONT..
 Carrying out the interview: only one question may be posed at a
time. Repeat the question if necessary. Ensure that the subject
understand the questions, listen carefully to his replies, and while
doing also observe the facial expression, gestures and tone of
voice.
 Communication technique: interview are assuming an open and
emotionally neutral body posture, facial expressions like smiling
and looking interest.
 Recording the interview: Recording should be done during or
immediately after the interview which can be handwritten form
notes, audio or video tape recording.
 
WRAP UP THE INTERVIEW
- The interview may be wrapped up with a summary
of study followed by a thank you note for the
respondents.
- It is desirable to record interview immediately.
- Field notes may be reviewed for additions and
revisions.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW:
Interview can be classified in following six broad
categories.
1.Structured interview
2.Unstructured interview
3.Semi- structured interview
4.In –depth interview
5.Telephonic interview
6.Focused group interview
 
1.STRUCTURED INTERVIEW (DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW)
 The interviewer has a standardized interview schedule, i:e
same set of questions are posed to all the respondents in a
similar order.
 The type of questions may be closed.
 The researcher asks specific questions and enters
participant’s responses on a paper and pencil instrument or
rating scale.
 These interviews are appropriate for experimental studies.
 
ADVANTAGES
Quick and easy to administer
Data from one interview can be compared with that of
another one.
Increases the reliability and credibility of research
data.
Attention is focused thus avoiding irrelevant and time
consuming conversations.
Coding of information and analyzing the data is easy.
DISADVANTAGES
 Scope for exploration of further information is
limited.
 Limited participant responses
 Respondents views are minimized and investigators
own biases
2. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW (NONDIRECTIVE
INTERVIEW):
 These interview is also known as nonstandarized interview. It is
method where in the question can be changed to meet the
respondent’s intelligence.
 Interview schedule is not formalized and has open ended questions,
where there is opportunity to ask questions not planned before.
 Interview begins with general questions such as , “ can you tell me
your experience of taking ganja”? and then proceed depending
upon the initial response.
 These interview consume more time and are difficult to manage.
ADVANTAGES:
 It is less prone to interviewer bias.
 It provides greater opportunity to explore the
problem in an unrestricted manner.
 It is useful for gathering information on sensitive
topics, like divorce, social discrimination, drug
addiction etc.
DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive and time consuming.
 There is no order or sequence in this interview.
 Needs well – qualified, highly trained interviewers.
 The data obtained from one interview is not
comparable data from the next.
3. SEMI- STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
 semi- structured interviews the interviewer has a flexible
interview schedule i:e it comprises predetermined topics
and open – ended questions with gaps for recording
verbatim replies.
 Interviewer prepares an interview guide, which is an
informal list of topics and questions the interviewer can
ask different way from different participants.
 
ADVANTAGES
 Provides reliable, comparable and qualitative
data.
 Allows subjects the freedom to express views in
their own way.
 Allows interviewer to frame the questions and
prepare for the interview in advance making the
interviewer look competent.
DISADVANTAGES
Costly and time consuming
Requires highly qualified, well trained
interviewers
4.IN- DEPTH INTERVIEW
 This is an intensive and investigative interview
conducted and aimed at studying the respondents
opinions and emotions on the basis of interview guides.
 This requires more training and interpersonal skills than
structured interviewing
ADVANTAGES:
Encourages free expressions of participants
Used to study the respondent opinion and emotions
Gathers in- depth information
Less prone to interviewer’s bias
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive and time consuming
Needs well –qualified , highly trained interviewers
5. TELEPHONE INTERVIEW
- Telephone interviewing is a nonpersonal
method of data collection.
- Interviewer contacts the respondents on
telephone itself and gather information from
them.
ADVANTAGES
 These are cheaper, require less travel and
equipment
 More flexible and quicker way of obtaining
information
 Response rate is high
 Wide coverage of sample is possible
 
DISADVANTAGES
 In the absence of face to face interaction it is difficult to
establish a rapport with the respondent.
 Limited respondents having telephone facility.
 Possibility of interviewer’s bias is more.
 Limited in their ability to detect detailed information
 
6.FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEW
 Focus group interview is an in- depth qualitative interview with a
small group of people( generally between 6 and 12 ) that have been
specifically selected to represent a target audience.
 These interviews allow moderator to observe group dynamics,
conversations and primary perception of the respondents behaviors,
attitudes, language etc.
 It consist of 6 to 12 members homogeneous in terms of
demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
 The duration of interview is generally limited to 1-2 hours.
 
ADVANTAGES
 It involves many participants at one time
 It increases excitement in a group
 Wide range of information is collected
 Participants feel more comfortable to answer in a
group with similar question.
 It stimulates new ideas and creative concepts.
 
DISADVANTAGES
 There are chances of client and researcher bias.
 Time consuming and expensive to conduct.
 Focus group interview is not a representative of general
population.
 It id difficult to moderate.
 It is difficult to code , analyses and interpret.
ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW
 It is superior to other data collection Methods as people are more
ready to express their feelings in verbal form than in writing.
 Permits face to face contact with a respondent which allows the
interviewer to explore the affective as well as cognitive aspects of
responses.
 It is more flexible, allows the researcher to explore in depth
information.
 Explore highly sensitive matters.
 Interpersonal skills can be used to facilitate cooperation.
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW
 Interviews are time consuming and resource intensive.
 Chances of interviewers biases
 Require well- qualified, highly trained interviewers
 Volume of information is very large: may be difficult to
record and reduce data.
 Accuracy of data may be affected by the subjects recall
error
TYPES OF QUESTION POSED IN AN INTERVIEW
The different types of question posed in an interviews are following:
 Knowledge questions: Example- what do you know about rights of
mentally ill patients?
 Opinion question: Example- do you think sensitizing the public about
the rights of mentally ill patients will change their attitude towards
mentally ill patients?
 Application questions: Example - How do you develop a
sensitization program on rights of mentally ill patients to make it more
acceptable among the public?
CONT..
 Analysis question : Example - Do you see any
relationship between public sensitization program about
rights of mentally ill patients and its affect on their
attitude?
 Synthesis question: Example - what changes would
you introduce in the public sensitization program to
develop positive attitude towards rights of mentally ill
patients.
CONCLUSION
So we can use the interview technique as one of the
data collection tools for the research. It makes the
researcher to feel that data what he collected is true
and honest and original by nature because of the face
to face interaction.
 
 
 
REFERENCES
 Rentala Sreevani “Basics in Nusing Research and Biostatistics”
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, first Edition 2019, Page No
-225 to 233.
 Sharma k. Suresh, Textbook of Nursing Research and statistics,
Elsevier publication, Third edition 2018, page no – 298 to 304.
 Patel, P.S “Essential Textbook of Nursing Research and Statistics”
samikshya Publication, Kathmandu Nepal , first edition 2016, page
no- 160 to t69.
 https://www.slideshare.net
 http://en.m.wikipediaorg>wiki
 https://www.djsresearch.co.uk>item