Nutrition

Assistant prof. D. Eman Khammas AI-sadi

pediatrician \community medicine department
References:
*Foundations & Clinical Applications of
Nutrition
2nd ed.
*Introduction to Clinical Nutrition
 “Introduction”
• Health: the merging &balance of five physical&
psychological dimensions of health: physical, mental,
emotional, social, & spiritual.
• Physical health: efficient body functioning.
• Intellectual health: use of intellectual abilities.
• Emotional health: ability to control emotions.
• Social health: interactions & relationships with others.
• Spiritual health: cultural believes about the purpose of
life.
 :Disease Prevention

The recognition of a danger to health that

could be reduced or alleviated through
specific actions or through changes in
lifestyle behaviors (a pattern of behaviors).
 :Nutrition
• the study of essential nutrients & the processes by
which nutrients are used by the body.
• The science that deals with the processes by which
components of food are made available to an
organism for
1. meeting energy requirement,
2. building, growing, maintaining tissues
3. and maintaining the organism in optimum functional
health .
Clinical nutrition:
is a medical specialty dealing with the
relationship between disease & nutrition.
Acute & chronic illness is caused by
deficiencies or excesses of dietary
components.
 Role of nutrition:
• Approaches food consumption as a positive way
to nourish the body, which focus on the way to
organize our lives so that we can more easily
follow an eating pattern designed to enhance
health status.
• Consuming a diet based on lower fat / higher fiber
&moderate caloric consumption to care ourselves
& is a challenge.
The study of nutrition deals with;
1-Food composition & nutritive value of food.
2-Digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism & excretion of the
food taken.
3-Quantitative & qualitative values required in different age group
& development level in life & in different physical activity,
physiological & psychological levels & affected by income &
social levels.
Metabolism:
All cells have commonly two major
general functions;
1. Energy generation.
2. Energy utilization for growth &/or
maintenance.
Anabolism:
refers to processes in which large molecules (such as
protein) are biosynthesized from small nutrients
(such as amino acid), it requires energy which is
available in cells in form of stored chemical energy in
high energy phosphate compounds.

Catabolism: is the degeneration of large molecules to

smaller ones. It serves to capture chemical energy
(ATP) from the degeneration of energy rich
molecules.
1. In adult there is a regulated balance between
anabolic (synthetic) & catabolic (degenerative
processes).
2. In the growing child, input of nutrients &
anabolism exceed catabolism tissues growth.
3. In the aging process or in wasting diseases, the
catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
Homeostasis:
The body tends to maintain a state of equilibrium
within its internal environment; this occurs despite
changes in the external environment, which is
governed by an adequate nutrients supply.
Malnutrition:
Is a condition characterized by inappropriate
quality, quantity, digestion, absorption or
utilization of ingested nutrients i.e. an
imbalanced nutrient & or energy intake.
It includes;
1-Undernutrition: low food intake (calorie
deficiency) leading to growth suppression or
other deficiency signs.
2-Overnutrition: to consume too much food
&/or single nutrients leading to specific
toxicities.
• Food: all solid or liquid materials that taken by mouth
to the digestive tract & utilized in the body to
maintain &build the body tissues & regulation of the
body processes &supply energy to maintain the body
temperature &sustain life.

• Diet: all nutrient that enter the body orally or

parantrally e.g. Glucose water & normal saline as well
as parantral feeding of amino acids & fatty acids in
addition to oral food.
Nutrients:
are those chemical substances needed for growth,
maintenance or repair of normal cells both in human
or animals & plants.
There are 45-50 chemical entities are known to be
required by humans either performed by food or
added as chemical constituents.
The foods are classified into;
1-Organic compounds e.g. protein, carbohydrates, fat&
vitamins.
2-Inorganic compounds e.g. water (called silent nutrient)&
minerals.
• Dietary fibers :although not classified as nutritionally
essential, but it is important in maintaining good health.
The basic food groups;
Group Food Major nutrient
1-Milk gp milk &diary products Ca., protein &B2
2-Meat gp meat, fish, poultry, eggs, protein, fat,
meat substitutes; peas, beans Fe &minerals

3-Bread &cereal bread, cooked cereals, CHO,V.B ,Fe

dry cereals, rice, pasta,

potatoes
4-Vegetable gp green &yellow vegetable minerals ,vit.,
CHO,& water
5-Fruits group all variety of fruits V.C,V.A &its
precursors
Body Constituents:
The human body composed of;
• 62% H2O. (more in infants & children).
• 16% protein.
• 15% fat (it differ from obese to thin person).
• 1% CHO.
• 6% minerals (Ca., P, Fe).
• Trace of vitamins.
• Constituent of food : (nutrients) are divided into:
1-Essential nutrients: these substances must be supplied from
outside the body (i.e. from the diet) because the body
cannot synthesis them at all or it cannot synthesis them in
sufficient quantities for the normal requirement of the
body. Any inadequate intake of essential nutrients will lead
to a deficiency disease.
• 2-Non –essential nutrients: they are nutrients that
the body can synthesize them so their presence in
the diet is not very essential, so the inadequate
intake will not lead to deficiency disease.
• The essential nutrients:
Food category Essential nutrient
• CHO - Glucose
• Fat or lipids - Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid

• Protein -Amino acid:

• Lycin, leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine,
Phenylalanine, Tryptophane,
Methionine, Valine,
Arginine(ess.for infants),
Histidine(may be ess.)
• Vitamins -Fat soluble;
• V.A (retinol),
V.E( tocopherol),
V.K
• - Water soluble vit.;
• V.C (ascorbic acid),
V.B1(thiamine),
V.B2(riboflavin),
Niacin (nicotinic acid),
V.B6(pyridoxine),
Pantothenic acid,
Biotin, Folacin (folic acid),
V.B12(cobalamine)
• Minerals
• -Macronutrient; Ca, Na, K ,Mg
(>100mg /day)
-Micronutrient; Fe, Zn, I, Se,
Mn(<100mg/ day)
Food Guide Pyramid
Than you