GSM Handover Algorithms

----Special Subject Training V1.4

Suitable for staff with junior P&O skill certificates (lower than certificate III)
Issued by GSM Network Planning & Optimization Dept.
 Internal Use Only▲

Version introduction

Version Date Writer Assessor Amendment record

V1.0 2007-07- Chen Chun Zheng Hao None

25
V1.4 2009-03-1 Fei Aiping Chang Haijie Explanation of MR is added.
2
 Internal Use Only▲

Training goals

Get to know theories and classification

of GSM handover;
Get to know the various kinds of ZTE
handover algorithms.
Contents

Overview of handover
Flow of handovers
Basic handover algorithms
Advanced handover algorithms
Inter-system handovers
 Internal Use Only▲
Aims of handovers

Neighbour cell C
Freq. C

Serving
To
Toensure
ensurenormal
normalphone
phonecalls
calls
cell

BTS
Neighbour cell
B
Freq. B
Neighbour cell A
Freq. A
To
Toimprove
improvecall
callquality
quality

GSM
GSMhandover
handoverbelongs toto
belongs system hard
system handover.
hard handover.
 Internal Use Only▲
Aims of handovers

 Marginal
Marginalhandover—to
handover—toim im
Retrieval handover—to
Retrieval handover—to prove
provethe
theon-going
on-goingcall;
call;
retrieve
retrievethe
theon-going
on-goingcalls;
calls;

 Forced
Forcedhandover—to
handover—tobala bala
nce
ncetraffic
trafficdispersion
dispersioninindidi
fferent
fferentcells;
cells;

Intra-cell handover—to red Directed retry—to improve

Intra-cell handover—to red Directed retry—to improve
uce
uceinterference
interferenceininthe
thecell; the
cell; thecall
callestablishment
establishmentrate.
rate.
 Internal Use Only▲
Handover features
•Various
•Variousalgorithms
algorithmscan
canfunction
functionsimultaneously;
simultaneously;
Various
Variousalgorithms
algorithms •Controlled by switches;
•Controlled by switches;
•System
•Systemmakes
makeshandover
handoverdecision
decisionautomatically.
automatically.

Ordering
Orderingofof •Static
•Staticpriority;
priority;
target cells
target cells •Resource
•Resourceavailable(%);
available(%);
•Budget
•Budget powervalue.
power value.

Automatic
Automatictraffic
traffic •Directed
balance •Directedretry;
retry;
balance •Traffic
•Trafficload
loadhandover
handoverstarted
startedbybyMSC;
MSC;
•Priority adjustment by traffic load;
•Priority adjustment by traffic load;
•Force
•Forcedirected-shift
directed-shifthandover;
handover; 。。。
。。。

Unique
Uniquepenalty
penalty Fast-fading
Fast-fadinghandover
handover
mechanism
mechanism algorithm
algorithm
 Internal Use Only▲
Application scenes for handovers I （ scenes ）

Algorithms UL/DL UL/DL UL/DL Long UL Macr PBGT Traffic l Co-BCCH Forced
interfe quality level MS-B fast- o-micr hando oad han handover traffic-
rence hando hando S dist fading o han ver dover st shift
Path CI-
hando ver ver ance hando dover arted by handov
loss& based
ver hando ver MSC er
TA- concent
ver
based ric
concent handov
ric er
handov
er
Scenes

urban √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Dense √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
urban
suburb √ √ √ √

The table is for reference only!

 Internal Use Only▲
Application scenes for handovers II （ network type
s）
Algorithms UL/DL UL/DL UL/DL Long M UL Macr PBGT Traffic l Co-BCCH Forced
interfer quality level S-BS di fast- o-mi handov oad ha handover traffic-
ence handov handov stance fading cro h er ndover shift
Path CI-
handov er er handov hando ando started handov
loss& based
er er ver ver by MS er
TA- concen
C
based tric
concen handov
tric er
handov
er
Scenes

Dual-band √ √ √ √ √ √ √
network
Double-layer √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
network
CO-BCCH √ √ √ √ √ √
Long- √ √ √ √ √
distance
coverage

The table is for reference only!

Contents

Overview of handover
Flow of handover
Basic handover algorithms
Advanced handover algorithms
Inter-system handover
 Internal Use Only▲
Overall handover flow

Overall handover flow

f str Pen
so
s ha ateg alty
o ce R n y
Pr M fa dov for
ilu e
Decision re r
of Selection Ordering Start of
handover of target of target handover
start cells cells
 Internal Use Only▲
What is MR?

UL MR
1. DL DTX performance
2. UL receive level/quality
3. BS Power
4. MS power level
5. TA
6. DL dynamic power control

DL MR
1. UL DTX performance
2. DL receive level/quality
3. Adjacent cell level
4. UL dynamic power control
 Internal Use Only▲
MR cycle
 MR is sent to BTS in SACCH UL direction;
 When MS is in SDCCH, MR cycle is 470ms/time;
 When MS is in TCH, MR cycle is 480ms/time.

26 multi-fra
480ms mes of 4 TC
Hs

12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 空闲

 Internal Use Only▲
Process of MR
Features

Number of MR sh Consider DTX The max number When power contr

all reach the aver weight; of missing MR is Z ol is on, power co
age size of window eroAllowed; mpensation shall b
; e made to handove
r decision threshol
d.

Measurement
Measurementreport
reportisisthe
theoriginal
originaldata
database
basefor
forhandover
handoverdecision.
decision.ZXG10
ZXG10process
process
adopts roll average method with various weights, which can ensure smooth handover.
adopts roll average method with various weights, which can ensure smooth handover.
 Internal Use Only▲
The max number of missing MR - ZeroAllowed
 Suppose ZeroAllowed=1
MR1/PR1
MR1
MR1/PR1
MR1

MR2/PR2
MR2
MR2/PR2
MR2 Average_MR1
Average_MR1 =(MR1+0+MR3+MR4)/(4-1)
==？
=(MR1+0+MR3+MR4)/(4-1)
？

丢丢 MR3/PR3
MR3 Average_MR2
missing
missing
失
MR3/PR3
MR3 Average_MR2 =(0+MR3+MR4+0)/4
==？
=(0+MR3+MR4+0)/4
？
失
MR4/PR4
MR4
MR4/PR4
MR4

MR5/PR5
MR5
MR5/PR5
MR5

MR6/PR6
MR6
MR6/PR6
MR6

MR7/PR7
MR7
MR7/PR7
MR7
 Internal Use Only▲
Handover preprocess at BTS
 Suppose HOPreprocess is open ， and the value is 2.

MR1
MR1
Preprocess
PreprocessResult1
Result1
MR2
MR2
BSC
BSC
MR3
MR3
Preprocess
PreprocessResult2
Result2
MR4
MR4

IfIfHOPreprocess=0,
HOPreprocess=0,how
howtotoupload
uploadMR?
MR?
 Internal Use Only▲
Process of MR at BSC
 Suppose window value=4, N=4
MR1/PR1

MR2/PR2 Average_MR1

MR3/PR3
Average_MR2

MR4/PR4 N/P decision

Average_MR3
MR5/PR5

Average_MR4
MR6/PR6

MR7/PR7
 Internal Use Only▲
Selection of target cells
 Macrocell normal TRX

 Intra-cell  Macrocell special TRX

handover

 Other TRX in microcell

 Handover
types 1 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) +
MAX(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P(n)))
condition 1 must be satisfied
 Inter-cell
2 ： PBGT(n ) > HO_MARGIN(n)
handover

3 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > avRxLevDL + HO

_MARGIN_LEVEL(n)

4 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > avRxLevDL + HO_MA

RGIN_QUAL(n)
 Internal Use Only▲
Settings of cell layer & priority

Layer1
Layer2 Layer2 Layer2
Layer2
Layer2

Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3 Layer3

 Functions of cell layer structure:

 More reasonable control of traffic dispersion;
 Control of traffic congestion;
 Backup of network capacity redundancy.
Serial Handover causes Handover types Priority After Tmicro overtim Before Tmicro over
es Internal Use Only▲
times
1 CO-BCCH Intra-cell Invalid Invalid
2 UL interference Intra-cell Invalid Invalid
3 DL interference Intra-cell Invalid Invalid

4 UL quality Inter-cell Same layer- upper layer Upper layer – same layer
-lower layer -lower layer
5 DL quality Inter-cell Same layer- upper layer Upper layer – same layer
-lower layer -lower layer
6 UL level Inter-cell Same layer- upper layer Upper layer – same layer
-lower layer -lower layer
7 DL level Inter-cell Same layer- upper layer Upper layer – same layer
-lower layer -lower layer
8 Long distance Inter-cell Same layer- upper layer Upper layer – same layer
-lower layer -lower layer
9 UL fast fading Algorithms
Inter-cell First search for related cells Invalid
are related to Upper layer – same layer
their layers lower layer
10 PBGT Inter-cell According to No cells on same layer
PbgtHoLayer: and lower layer
Same layer- upper layer selected
lower layer
11 Macro-micro time hyt Inter-cell Handover to lower layer No handover
eresis
12 Traffic Inter-cell According to TrafficHoLa Invalid
yrCtl 、 TrafficHoFreqCtl
 Internal Use Only▲
Parameter-NcellLayer
 (NcellLayer) is a mathematical array. Each element determin
es the layer relation between the serving cell and its adjacen
t cells.
 The number of cells in an array rests on NcellNum.

NcellNum val Meaning

ue
0 N, undefined

1 SAME, the serving cell and its adjacent cells are on

the same layer
2 UPPER, adjacent cells are on the serving cell’s up
layer
3 LOWER, adjacent cells are on the serving cell’s low
layer
Other values Reserved
 Internal Use Only▲
Layer parameter-Tmicro
 Tmicro is started when Tmicro Time duration
the MS accesses into n
ew channel; 50 5s
 The layer selection prio 51 5.1s
rity of target cells will b
e affected, if handover i … …
s started within the tim 200 20s
e set on Tmicro.
 Default: 80(8s).
 Internal Use Only▲
Ordering of target cells

Layer priority of
candidate cells

Resource
Static available(%
priority )
Dynamic
Dynamic
priority
priority

Power budget margin

 Internal Use Only▲
Handover
Handoverdecision/
decision/
execution Penalty
execution Penaltystrategy
strategyofofinter-cell
inter-cellhandover
handoverfailure
failure

NN
Handover failure? Complete
Completehandover
handoverflow
flow
Handover failure?
PenalCount=PenalCount+
PenalCount=PenalCount+
Y 1
Y 1

Start HoFailPenalTime
Start HoFailPenalTime
Y
Y

compare the difference

Y compare the difference
Y between adjacent cell’s
PenalCount<3 between adjacent cell’s
PenalCount<3 priority and the accepta
priority and the accepta
ble priority
ble priority
NN
Screen the target cell
Screen the target cell
The punished cell owns
The punished cell owns
the highest priority?
the highest priority?
N
N RxLev(n)=RxLev(n)-PenaltyLe
RxLev(n)=RxLev(n)-PenaltyLe
vOffset
vOffset；
；
PenaltyCount=PenaltyCount+1
PenaltyCount=PenaltyCount+1

N
N
HoFailPenalTime
HoFailPenalTime
overtimes
overtimes？？
Y
Y
Relieve
Relievethe
thetarget
targetcell
cell
of penalty
of penalty
 Internal Use Only▲
Handover
Handoverdecision
decision
Penalty
Penaltystrategy
strategyofofintra-cell
intra-cellhandover
handoverfailure
failure
Start NN
Startintra-cell
intra-cell Other
handover? Otherhandover
handover
handover?
YY

Start
StartHoFailPenalTime
HoFailPenalTime

NN IHoCount=IHoCount+1
TMaxIHo IHoCount=IHoCount+1；
；
TMaxIHo overtimes
overtimes？
？ TMaxIHo=0
TMaxIHo=0
YY
NN
IHoCount=MaxIHo
IHoCount=MaxIHo？
？
IHoCount=0
IHoCount=0
YY YY
Stop Other
Otherhandover
Stopstarting
startingintra-cell
intra-cell requirements
handover
handover
handover requirementsare
aresatisfied?
satisfied?

YY NN
NN
IHoCount=MaxIHo
IHoCount=MaxIHo？
？
Contents

Overview of handover
Flow of handover
Basic handover algorithms
Advanced handover algorithms
Inter-system handover
 Internal Use Only▲
UL/DL interference handover
UL/DL
Y interference
handover
intra-cell
handover
Idle TCH
available in cell?
UL/DL quality
N Handover
inter-cell
handover
Decision of handover start:

It’s AvRxQualUL (n)  InterfFQSS(n)

It’ssuggested
suggestedthat
thatUL/DL
UL/DLinterference
interferencebe
beclosed
closedin
innetwork
networkwith
withHF
HFopen.
open.
255 AvRxLevUL( n)  XOffset  20
YOffset  2 XOffset  20  AvRxLevUL( n)  XOffset  30

InterfFQSS(n)  
YOffset  3 XOffset  30  AvRxLevUL( n)  XOffset  40
YOffset  4 XOffset  40  AvRxLevUL( n)
 Internal Use Only▲
UL/DL quality handover
Decision of handover start:
AvRxQualUL>=HoUlQualThs
AvRxQualDL>=HoDlQualThs
Selection of target cells:

1 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P(n)))

2 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > AvRxLevDL + HO_MARGIN_QUAL(n)

That
Thatis:is:
1.1. Adjacent
Adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelmust
mustbebelarger
largerthan
thanthetheminimum
minimumreceive
receivelevel
levelset
setfor
forit;
it;
2.2. Adjacent
Adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelshall
shallbe
belarger
largerthan
thanthe
thesum
sumofofquality
qualityhandover
handover
threshold
thresholdand
andthe
theserving
servingcell’s
cell’sDL
DLlevel.
level.
 Internal Use Only▲
UL/DL level handover
Decision of handover start:
AvRxLevelUL=<HoUlLevThs
AvRxLevelDL=< HoDlLevThs
Selection of target cells:

1 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P(n)))

2 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > AvRxLevDL + HO_MARGIN_LEVEL(n)

That
Thatis:is:
1.1. Adjacent
Adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelmust
mustbebelarger
largerthan
thanthe
theminimum
minimumreceive
receivelevel
level set
setfor
forit;
it;
2.2. Adjacent
Adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelshall
shallbe
belarger
largerthan
thanthe
thesum
sumofoflevel
levelhandover
handoverthreshold
threshold
and the serving cell’s DL level.
and the serving cell’s DL level.
 Internal Use Only▲
Long BS-MS distance handover
Radio
Decision of handover start: environment
quality is
AvDistance>DistanceThreshold(TA) not
regarded as
decision
Selection of target cells: standard.

1 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P(n)))

The
Theonly
onlycondition
conditionisisthat
thatthe
theadjacent
adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelisislarger
largerthan
thanthe
theminimum
minimum
receive
receivelevel
levelset
setfor
forit.
it.

Application range:
This
Thiskind
kindofofhandover
handoverisisusually
usuallyused
usedininnetworks
networkswith
withlong
longdistance
distancecoverage.
coverage.
 Internal Use Only▲
PBGT handover
 This handover happens mostly in urban area;
 It isn’t for saving handover, but for better call quality.

Decision of handover start:

Make handover decision to each adjacent cell in rotation;
when an adjacent cell’s PBGT value is higher than 0, handover condition is
satisfied.
Selection of target cells:

1 ： AvRxLevNCell(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + MAX(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P(n)))

2 ： PBGT(n ) > HO_MARGIN(n)

That
Thatis:
is:
11：：Adjacent
Adjacentcell’s
cell’slevel
levelshall
shallbe
belarger
largerthan
thanthe
theminimum
minimumreceive
receive
level
levelset
setfor
forit;
it;
22：：ItsItspower
powerbudget
budgetvalue
valueshall
shallbe
belarger
largerthan
thanthe
thePBGT
PBGThandov
handov
er threshold set for adjacent cell.
er threshold set for adjacent cell.
 Internal Use Only▲
Directed retry-decision of handover start
MSapplies
MS appliesfor
forTCH
TCH

Yes UsableTCH
Usable TCH
Assignmentsuccess
Assignment success
available?
available?

No
Successfulforce
forcedisconn
disconn Forcedisconnetion,
Force disconnetion,
Successful successful
etion,force
forcehandover
handoverand
and forcehandover
force handoverand
and
etion,
ordering orderingattempt
ordering attempt
ordering
unsuccessful

Yes Directedretry
Directed retry
Directedretry
Directed retry
switchopen
switch openorornot
not

No

TCHoccupancy
TCH occupancyfailure
failure
 Internal Use Only▲
Directed retry handover
 It happens in the process of calling access;
 It dynamically adjusts call traffic between cells;
 It can lower call loss rate;
 Selection of target cells must fulfill condition 1.

Get
Gettotoknow
knowthe
theflow
flowofof How to control
internal
internal&&external
externaldirected
directedretry
retry 2/3G handover priority?

It’s suggested that ordering process be opened first,

since its effect is better than that of directed retry.
 Internal Use Only▲
Penalty on directed retry failure

N (N>3, failure)

No candidate Order c Y
No candidate Start the After timer Order c
cells Start the After timer andidat Handover
cellsfound
found dedicated
dedicatedtimer
timer expires
expires
andidat Handover
e ecells
cells

2nd Y
BSC internal 2nd
BSC internal candida Handover
cells candida Handover
cells te cell
te cell
Candidate N
Candidate
cells have no
cells have no
radio
radio
resources BSC external
resources BSC external
cells Complete
cells Complete

N (N>3, or T3107 expires, give up directed retry)

Failure
Failuredue
due 2nd Y
Delete 2nd
totoradio link
radio link Deletethe
the candida Handover
problem attempt cells candida Handover
problem attempt cells te cell
te cell
Contents

Overview of handover
Flow of handover
Basic handover algorithms
Advanced handover algorithms
Inter-system handover
 Internal Use Only▲
UL fast fading handover
 This is a kind of algorithm for saving handover due to UL level
decrease;
 It is flexibly used in dense urban areas, like micro-cells, highways,
corners and slopes, where in-time outgoing handovers are needed;
 Selection of target cell shall fulfill condition 1;
 Given condition 1 is fulfilled, handover to “relevant cells” is preferred.

MR1/PR1
MR1/PR1 PPunavailable
unavailable！
！

MR2/PR2
MR2/PR2 Directly
Directly
report
reportMR
MRtoto
Number of consecutive
Number of consecutive
handover decisions (N)
BTS
BTS handover decisions (N)
MR3/PR3
MR3/PR3

MR4/PR4
MR4/PR4
 Internal Use Only▲
Macro-micro handover
 Handover trigger conditions: measured values of adjacent
cell’s signal strength is higher than threshold, and this rea
ches certain consecutive times.
AvRxLevUL(n)>= MacroMicroHoThs

 Selection of target cell:

 Condition 1 is fulfilled;
 Layer relation with neighbor cell （ NcellLayer ） is
Lower.
Serving cell: macro Macrocell
cell
Target cell: microc Microcell Microcell
ell

T=-80dBm ；
N=6 ；
 Internal Use Only▲
Traffic handover
 When the serving cell suffers from congestion, for MS which
has established a call, BSC will hand it over to an adjacent cell
which can fulfill traffic handover conditions.

Adjust
Adjustcall
calltraffic
trafficin
indifferent
differentcells
cellsto
toreach
reachtraffic
trafficbalance.
balance.

Decision of handover start:

TCHBusyPercent>TrafficThs

Excluding
Excludingcongested
congestedTCHs;
TCHs;
Regardless
Regardlessdynamic
dynamicHR
HRand
anddynam
dynam
icicPDTCH.
PDTCH.
Selection of target cell:
Condition
Condition11 PBGT(n)
PBGT(n)>>TrafficLevThs
TrafficLevThs
 Internal Use Only▲
MSC-started traffic load handover
 It’s started by MSC;
 Select at most NumOfMS calls;
 Handover from high loaded cells to low loaded ones.

Inter-BSC load adjustment;

No data configuration needed at radio side.

Note:
Precondition for this handover algorithm: MSC starts the
function, and BSC supports load report.
Currently, no manufacturer makes this function open. ?????
 Internal Use Only▲
Forced directed-shift handover

The last means to adjust traffic; Mainly used in CO-BCCH cells;



Features
Applicable  Target cell must be
scenes:900M1800M cell of the forced firected shift
same direction; handover cell.
 Internal Use Only▲
Forced directed-shift handover strategy
Decision of handover start:
PathLoss(n)<=MaxLossThs

Only
Only Only
Only
based
based TA(n)<=MaxTAThs based
based
on
on on
on
Path MaxTAThs=63 MaxLossThs TA
Path MaxTAThs=63 MaxLossThs=150
=150 TA
loss
loss

Selection of target cell:

PBGT value must be larger than the difference between PBGT thres
hold and MaxForceHoDiff;
Usable resource in target cell must be larger than HoForceResThs;
Target cell must be the one for dorced directed-shift handover.
 Internal Use Only▲
Comparison between Forced directed-shift handover and
other types of handover
Usually they are valid at the same time, but PBGT‘s priority is higher
Compared than that of forced directed-shift handover;
with PBGT
The MaxLevDiff of forced directed-shift handover must be smaller
handover
than the value of reverse PBGT, or Pingpong handover will be resulted.

Compared Forced directed-shift is the handover between two TCHs during call
with process;
directed Directed retry is carried out when applying for TCH during call

retry access.

Compared  Different trigger conditions (forced directed-shift handover is

with traffic triggered by MS, traffic handover is triggered by BSC.)
handover Different handover flows.
 Internal Use Only▲
Co-BCCH handover-subcell
 Co-BCCH

Carriers in different freq

uency bands belong to diff
erent subcells;
Configuration o
The first subcell is confi
f subcell gured with BCCH.
The first subcell

 Co-channel cell The second subcell

Concentric circle advanc
e technology;
Subcells are allowed to
make power control respec
tively.
 Internal Use Only▲
Co-BCCH handover trigger decision
too
toosmall
small
pathloss
PathLoss<=PathLossMin
PathLoss<=PathLossMin
pathloss&& And
TA
TA AndTA<=
TA<=SubCellTAMin
SubCellTAMin
Based
Basedon
on
pathloss
pathloss The
Thesese
&TA
&TA cond
condss
too
toolarge
large ubcell
Decis pathloss
PathLoss>=
PathLoss>=PathLossMax
PathLossMax ubcell
Decis pathloss&& Or
ion
ionofof TA
TA OrTA>=
TA>=SubCellTAMax
SubCellTAMax
hand
hand
over
over
trigg
trigg
erer
C/I
C/Igood
good C/I>=
C/I>=GoodCiThs
GoodCiThs
The
Thefir fir
Based
Basedon
onC/I
C/I ststsubc
subc
ell
ell
C/I
C/Ibad
bad C/I=<
C/I=<BadCiThs
BadCiThs
Contents

Overview of handover
Flow of handover
Basic handover algorithms
Advanced handover algorithms
Inter-system handover
 Internal Use Only▲
Options of inter-system (2G-UMTS/TD) handover strategy

Handover to Handover to 3G N Handover to 3G in

MSC side 3G preferred OT preferred hibited

BSC side

Handover to 3G Handover to Handover to 3G p Handover to 3G

preferred 3G preferred referred inhibited
BSC control
preferred
Handover to 3G NOT Handover to Handover to 3G Handover to 3G
preferred 3G NOT NOT preferred inhibited
preferred

Handover to 3G inhi Handover to Handover to 3G Handover to 3G

bited 3G inhibited inhibited inhibited
 Internal Use Only▲
Description of inter-system (2G-UMTS/TD) handover strategy

3G cell Valid decision Start 3G handover, no more attempt to 2G;

preferre 3G handover decision

d Null decision 2G handover decision & selection of target cell;

Select a 3G cell as candidate,

Saving handover try it if there is no usable radio
resource available in 2G cell;
Valid decision

2G cell 2G
Handove Non-saving handover 3G cells are not for candidates;
preferred r decision

Null decision 3G handover decision & selection of target cell;

 Inter-system handover is inhibited; handover algorithms are the sa

3G cell
inhibited me as those of 2G.
 Internal Use Only▲
Questions:
 Please simply describe the relation between layer an
d priority in handover algorithms;
 Please enumerate radio parameters of 2-3G handov
er.