Fault Locator: 2 ended with transmission line equation

IA R’ X’ R’ X’ IB

C’ C’
R’ X’ C’
VA RF VB
are positive
sequence line
VA
VB resistance,
inductance and
capacitance
V(x) per km
VRF
x
V  x   V A  cosh   x   Z  I A sinh   x 
R' jL' characteristi
   R' jL'  jC ' Propagation Z
jC ' c
constant
impedance
Fault Locator: comparison of results from both line ends

IA R’ X’ R’ X’ IB

C’ C’ The measured
VA RF VB current and voltage
signals at end A and
B are transmitted
VA via communication
VB interface and then
synchronised at
each line end.
VA(x) VB(y)
VRF
x y

  x, y   V A   x   V B  y  ideally :   x, y   0

By minimising the error ε the fault location (x,y) is obtained

 Fault Locator: multiple feeder sections

cable OHL cable

R’ X’ C’
IA R c ’ Xc ’ R’OHL X’OHL Rc’ Xc’ line/cable
IB
resistance,
Cc’ C’OHL Cc ’ inductance and
VA VB capacitance
per km for each
line section must
be set
VA RF
VB

V(x) VRF
x