Power (Puff ?

) Dissipation in EMF devices

EMF device transfers energy from its source (such as the chemical energy
for a battery) to the charge carriers. A real EMF device has an internal
resistance r, so it also transfers energy to heat through resistive dissipation.
Recall the rate of energy transfer P from the EMF device to the charges is

P=iV
where V is the potential across the terminals of the emf device. Recall
that V= - i r
P = i (-ir) = i  - i2 r

The i2 r term is the rate of energy transferred to internal heat while the i
 term is the rate the emf device transfers to both the charges and the
thermal energy

Pemf = i  (power of emf device)

 Sample Problem
The emfs and resistances in the circuit
have the following values

Find the current i in the circuit.

Then graph the potentials counter-clockwise,
Applying the loop rule we can get an starting from point a as function of position
expression for the current. Initial
knowledge on the direction of i is not
necessary, however since 1 > 2
i should be in the clockwise direction.

Starting at point a lets apply the loop

rule counter-clockwise and tally the
voltages along the way

To better understand this procedure,

mentally cut the circuit at point a and
unfold it left and right -1 + ir1 + iR +ir2 + 2 = 0
 Sample Problem

-1 + i r1 + iR +i r2 + 2 = 0
i = (1 - 2 ) / (R + r1 + r2) = (4.4V –2.1V)/(5.5+2.3+1.8) = 0.24A

What is the potential difference between the

terminals of battery 1 ??

This is the equivalent of asking what the

potential difference is between points b and a.
So lets travel from point b to point a clockwise

Vb – i r1 + 1 = Va

Va - Vb = - i r1 + 1
= -(0.24A) (2.3 ) + 4.4V = 3.8V
 Multiloop Circuits
Now the fun begins, lets consider circuits containing more than one loop

The figure from the book shows a circuit with two loops
and for simplicity sake we assume the batteries are ideal.
In this circuit there are two junctions, b and d, and there
are 3 branches at each junction. We have a left (bad), right
(bcd) and center branch(bd). So what are the currents in
these 3 branches ???

We know i1 is the same everywhere in the left branch, i2 is same everywhere in

the right branch and i3 is the current through the central branch.
So now lets consider the situation at junction d. i1 and i2 current converge onto
this junction while they depart as outgoing current i2. Due to charge
conservation we have the following relationship
i1 + i 3 = i 2
The same relationship follows by applying the same condition at junction b
 Multiloop Circuits
The general rule of junctions goes as the following:

This rule is often called Kirchoff’s junction rule or current law

which is basically the conservation of charge in different words.

So we have two basic tools for solving complex circuits

1) Loop rule
2) Junction rule
 Multiloop Circuits
Now we return to the circuit previously
shown in a earlier slide. We have a
relationship between the currents
i1 + i 3 = i 2
We have 3 unknowns and 1 equation. Not enough !!
3 equations are needed so we need two more
By apply the loop rule twice on this circuit we have
two more constraints or equations. Just what we need.
So if transverse the left hand loop counter-clockwise starting at
point b we obtain 1 -i1R1+i3R3 = 0

And if transverse the right hand loop counter-clockwise starting at

point b we obtain -i R -i R - = 0
3 3 2 2 2
 Multiloop Circuits
We now have our 3 equations so we can i1 + i3 = i 2 eq (1)
now determined the 3 different currents
(using different mathematical methods, 1 -i1R1+i3R3 = 0 eq (2)
see last slide for an example) -i3R3-i2R2 -2 = 0 eq(3)

Resistances in Parallel
This figure from the book shows 3 resistors in
parallel to an ideal battery. Since the voltage
across each resistor is the same, the current in
each resistance can be written as

Apply the junction rule at

point a and substitute these
values, we have
 Resistances in Parallel
Resistances connected in parallel can be replaced with an
equivalent Req that has the same potential difference V and
the same total current i as the actual resistance.

Recalling the expression from

the previous slide

If replace the parallel with the

equivalent resistance, we have

Equating these two relationships for i, we

have
Extending the relationship
for n resistors, we have
Series and Parallel Resistors and Capcitors
 RC Circuits
Up to this point, we have only worked with currents that did not
vary with time. In this discussion, we now consider time-varying
currents.
The capacitor C in the figure, which is initially
uncharged, is charged by closing the switch S at point a.
This completes the circuit consisting of the capacitor C,
battery of emf  and a resitor R. At this time, charge
begins to flow between a capacitor plate and a battery
terminal at each side of the capcitor. This flow of current
increases the charge q on the plates and the potential
difference Vc(=q/C) across the capacitor. When Vc
equals the potential difference of the battery, the current
is zero.

By applying the loop rule to this circuit, we can

examine the charging process. Transversing it
clockwise from the negative terminal of battery we find
 Charging a capacitor
The last term represents the potential
difference across the capacitor and is
negative because the top plate is
connected to positive terminal. So
there is a drop in potential as we move
down through the capacitor
Recalling that

Substituting for i,
the above equation Charging equation
becomes

This differential equation represents the time variation of the charge on the capacitor
 Charging a
capacitor
The solution of the charging equation requires experience in
solving differential equations so we will skip the derivation of
this solution and will only present the final result.

In this equation, e is the exponential base e ~2.718 and not the

electron charge.
Note that when time t=0, the charge q=0 so the equation gives
the proper initial condition and when t approaches  the
charge becomes Q=C  so the equation gives the proper value
for the full charge on the capacitor.
 Charging a capacitor
The current i(t) in the loop during the charging process can
be determined by calculating the time derivative of q(t) .

Shown below are are plots of i(t) and q(t) for

R=2000, C=1F, and =10V.
The charge begins at 0 and reaches a
maximum of C while the current begins at
/R and exponentially reaches zero.
 Charging a capacitor

It is interesting to note, that a capacitor being charge initially

acts like an ordinary connecting wire relative to the charging
current. However, after charging is completed it acts like a
broken wire.
The time dependence on the voltage across C can be determine
from the charging equation.
t=0, Vc=0
t ,V= 
 Time constant

The value RC that appears in the charge equation has

dimensions of time. This value defines the time structure of
any RC circuit. The RC product is typically called the
capacitive time constant. This term is commonly used along
electronics types.
 Discharging a capacitor

The capacitor is now fully charged to a

potential Vo equal to . At time t=0, switch S is
thrown from point a to b. The capacitor now
begins to discharge through the resitor R.

How does the charge on the capacitor vary in time in this case ?

The discharging equation can be derived from the charging

equation by setting  = 0 since the emf device is not in the loop.
Therefore The solution to this
differential equation is
 Discharging a capacitor

As shown the charge q on the capacitor decreases exponentially with

time, at a rate set by the RC constant. At t=0, q=qo and when t
becomes very large, the capacitor is completely discharged q=0.
Res-monster Maze
 Solution

As example, variable elimination. We eliminated i3, by substituting eq (1) into

eq(2) and eq(3) we have

1 - i1R1+(i2 –i1 ) R3 = 0 eq (2) -(i2 –i1 ) R3-i2R2 -2 = 0 eq(3)

1 - i1 (R1+R3) +i2 R3 = 0 i1 R3 - i2(R2+R3) -2 = 0
i1 = (1 +i2 R3 ) / (R1+R3) i1 = (i2 (R2+R3) +2) / R3

(1 +i2 R3 ) / (R1+R3) = (i2 (R2+R3) +2) / R3

i2 { R3 / (R1+R3) - (R2+R3) / R3 } = 2/ R3 - 1 / (R1+R3)

i2 = { 2/ R3 - 1 / (R1+R3) } / { R3 / (R1+R3) - (R2+R3) / R3 }