Pakistan Building Code

PAKISTAN BUILDING CODE
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
1.SITE CONSIDERATIONS
2.SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
3.SEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
4.VARIOUS PROVISIONS REGARDING
REINFORCING DETAILS
1. SCOPE
1. Determination of soil conditions of building to be constructed
2. Design of reinforced concrete foundations
3. Soil retaining structures
2. Site Geology and soil characteristics
1. Each site shall be assigned a soil profiel type based on geotech
data.
2. If soil properties are not known type SD shall be used
3. Soil classification is given in the next slide
Soil type SF is defined as soil requiring site specific evaluation

1. Soils prone to potential failure under seismic loading such as
liquefiable soils, sensitive clays like expansive clays etc.
2. Peats and organic clays
3. Very high plastic clays (PI>75)
4. Very thick soft stiff clays wh3ere depth of clay exceeds 36.6 m(120ft)
Requirements for foundations
Building foundations shall be constructed on the basis of principles of

soil mechanics and foundation engineering, by considering the
properties of underlying soils such that any damage in the
superstructure due to settlement or differential settlement during
earthquake is avoided.
1. In areas with PGA >= 0.2g, following requirements are required
2. Piles, caissons and caps shall be designed including the effects of
lateral displacements.
3. Inclined piles with more than 1/6 inclination w.r.t vertical shall not be
used.
4. Pile foundations shall be analyzed for earthquake induced lateral loads
in addition to axial loads.
1. Requirements for foundations
5. Longitudinal reinforcement ratio of cast insitu cased or uncased bored

piles shall not be less than 0.008 within the top 1/3rd of the pile length
under the pile cap, which shall not be less than 3m.
6. Diameter of spiral reinforcement to be provided within this length shall
not be less than 8mm and the pitch of spirals shall not be more than
200mm which shall be reduced to 100 mm within a length of at least
twice the pile diameter.
7. In reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings, tie beams shall be
provided to connect individual footings or pile caps in both direction or
to connect continuous foundations at column or structural wall axes.
8. Consistent with the foundations excavation, tie beams may be
constructed at any level between the bottom of the foundation and the
bottom of the column.
Decription of PGA zones SA SB Sc SD
requirement
Minimum axial 0.3-0.4 3,4 %6 %8 %10 %12

force of tie beam 0.1-0.2 1,2 %4 %6 %8 %10
Minimum X section 0.3-0.4 3,4 25 25 30 30

dim.(cm) 0.1-0.2 1,2 25 25 25 25
Minimum X – 0.3-0.4 3,4 625 750 900 900

Section area(cm2) 0.1-0.2 1,2 625 625 750 750
Minimum 0.3-0.4 3,4 4Φ16 4Φ16 4Φ16 4Φ20

longitudnal reinf. 0.1-0.2 1,2 4Φ13 4Φ13 4Φ16 4Φ16
9. Tie beams shall be considered both in the X-Section against

compression and tension.
10.Tie beams may be replaced by reinforced concrete slabs. In such a
case slab thickness shall not be less than 150mm.
11. Foundations of timber and masonary buildings shall be constructed as
RC continuous foundations under the load bearing walls.
12. Depth of wall foundation shall be determined from soil characteristics,
GWL and local frost depth.
13. Concrete quality of wall foundations shall be at least 2000 psi.
14. Lateral spacing between the longitudinal rebars to be placed at top
and bottom of th wall foundation shall not exceed 300mm(12 in).
Decription of requirement S A & SB Sc SD
Minimum foundation depth 300 600 700
Minimum top and bottom

3Φ12 3Φ12 3Φ12
long. Reinf.
Min. transverse reinf. Φ8@300 Φ8@300 Φ8@300

Seismic parameters
Seismic parameters
Equivalent Zone Factor
Use the previous slide to determine the zone

Seismic parameters
Seismic Coefficient Ca
Seismic parameters
Seismic Coefficient Cv
Seismic parameters
Seismic Source Type

Seismic parameters
Near Source Factor Na

Seismic parameters
Near Source Factor Nv

Seismic parameters
Building Importance Factor (I)
Seismic parameters
Building Importance Factor (I)
Structural Systems
1. The basic lateral and vertical seismic force resisting system shall
conform to one of the types given in the next slide.
2. Each type is subdivided by the types of vertical elements used to resist
lateral seismic forces.
3. The selected seismic force resisting system shall be designed and
detailed in accordance with the specific requirements for the system.
Structural Systems
STRUCTURL SYSTEMS
Structural Systems
STRUCTURL SYSTEMS
Structural Systems
STRUCTURL SYSTEMS
Structural Systems
 Special moment resisting frames
 In area with PGA>= 0.2 g (zones 3,4,5) structural systems of high
ductility level denoted as special moment resisting frame shall be
used for the following reinforced concrete building.
 Buildings with structural frame system comprised of frames
only.
 Irrespective of the structural system, all buildings with
Building Importance factor of I = 1.5 and I =1.4
 Intermediate moment resisting frames
 It i/c RC buildings comprising only for structural systems of
nominal ductility level denoted as IMRF are permitted to built in
the areas with PGA < 0.2g on the condition that HN < 15m
Structural Systems
 Ordinary moment resisting frames
 Structural system of low ductility level that is being lower than
nominal ductility is a moment resisting frames, not meeting
special requirements for ductile behavior. Concrete ordinary
moment resisting frames shall be designed by the main body of
ACI 318-05.
 Dual systems of shear wall frame of high ductility level.
 Requirement for building which comprises of frame system and
shear wall is as follows.
 Sum of bending moments developed at the base of solid
structural walls under seismic loads shall not exceed 75% of
the total overturning moment developed for entire building
 In cases where above requirement is not being satisfied, Use
the following relation ship for calculation of “R”
 R = 9-4xαM where αM is between 0.75 and 1
Structural Systems
 Structural walls in system of Nominal ductility level
 In Nominal ductility level structures which lies in areas of PGA
<0.2g and Hn <15m.
 If Hn > 15m than high ductility walls shall be used with the
following conditions
 When structural walls of nominal ductility level are used in the
system, sum of bending moments developed at the base of
structural walls under seismic loads shall be more than 75% of
total overturning moment developed for the entire building in
each E.Q direction
 When structural walls of high ductility level are used in the
structural system, requirements described for the mixed
structure shall be used.
Structural Systems
 Mixed Structural System
 R.C. systems as well as structural steel frame systems composed
of beams and columns of nominal ductility level are premitted ot
be mixed with structural walls of high ductility level.
 In analysis of mixed systems , frames and structural walls shall be
jointly considered but αM =0.4 shall be considered in each E.Q
direction
 In case where αM =0.67 in both E.Q direction, ”R” factor defined
for seismic loads fully resisted by structural walls of SMRF shall be
used for the entire structural system.
 In the range of αM between 0.4 and 0.67, the expression “R” shall
be applied as follows in both E.Q direction
R = R(IMRF) +1.5 αM x[ R(SMRF) – R(IMRF)]
 Reinforced concrete peripheral walls used in basement of buildings
shall not be taken into consideration as part of structural wall
Irregularities
Plan Irregularities
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Elevation Irregularities
Irregularities
Figures
Irregularities
Figures
Loads
 Different types of loads are as follows
 Dead Load
 Live Load
 Snow load
 Wind loads
 Earthquake loads
 These loads are available in any text book dealing with the design
of the structures, However the special loads will be discussed over
here.
Loads
Special Loads
Loads
Special Loads
Loads
Special Loads
Loads
Load combinations
Analysis Methods
 The following methods are to be used for the seismic analysis of

buildings.
 Equivalent lateral load method
 Response Spectrum Method (Dynamic analysis)
 Time Domain method
Analysis Methods
Equivalent lateral Load method
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Dynamic Analysis procedure
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
Time History Analysis
Analysis Methods
Time History Analysis
Analysis Methods
Direction of Loading
• The direction of seismic forces used in design shall be those

which will produce the most critical load effects.
Limitation of storey drift
 The storey drift Δi of any column or structural wall shall be determined

as a difference of displacements between the two consective storey’s
 Δi = di – di-1
 The maximum value of storey drift within a storey, Δm calculated for
columns and structural walls of the ith storey of a building of r each
E.Q direction shall satisfy the following limits.
 Δm = 0.7 R Δi
 Δm/hi <=0.025 for T1 < 0.7 seconds
 Δm/hi <=0.02 for T1 >= 0.7 seconds
Seismic Gaps
 All portions of the structure shall be designed and constructed to act

as an integral unit in resisting seismic forces unless separated
structurally by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact under
total deflections as follows.
 Δm = [(Δm1)2 + (Δm2)2]0.5
 Where Δm1 and Δm2 are the displacements of adj. buildings.
 In regions with PGA ? 0.3g minimum gaps shall be 30mm up to 6m
height. After that, a minimum of 10mm shall be added for each 3m
height increment.
Structural Requirements
 Flexural members of Special Moment Frames

 Factored axial compressive force on the member Pu shall not
exceed Agfc’/10
 Clear span for member, Ln shall not be less than four times its
effective depth.
 Width of member, bw shall not be less than the smaller of 0.3h
and 250mm(10 inch)
 Width of the member shall not exceed width of the supporting
member.
 At any section of flexural member, for top as well as for bottom
reinforcement, the amount of reinforcement shall not be less than
200bwd/Fy and the reinforcement ratio shall not exceed 0.025.
 At least two bars shall be provided continuously both top and
bottom.

 Lap splices of flexural reinforcement shall be permitted only if if
hoop or spiral reinforcement is provided over the lap length.
 Spacing of the transverse reinforcement enclosing the lapped bars
shall not exceed the samller of d/4 or 4 inches.
 Lap splices shall not be used
 Within the joints
 Within the distance twice the member depth from the face of
the joint
 Where analysis indicates flexural yielding is cdaused by
inelastic lateral displacements of frames.

 Transverse reinforcement is provided in the following regions of
frame members:
 Over a length equal to twice the member depth measured
from the face of the supporting member towards mid span, at
both ends of the flexural member.
 The first hoop shall be located not more than 2 in. from the
face of a supporting member. The spacing shall not exceed
the following
 d/4
 Eight times the dia. Of smaller longitudinal bar
 24 times the dia. Of hoop bars
 12 inches

 Where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be spaced at a
distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
 The design shear force Ve shall be determined from consideration of
the statically forces on the portion of the member between faces of
the joints.
 It shall be assumed that moments of opposite sign corresponding to
probable flexural moment strength, Mpr, act at he joint faces and that
the member is loaded with the factored tributary gravity load along its
span.
 Special Moment Frames subjected to axial load and bending

 The requirement of this section apply to the special moment frame
members resisting E.Q and having a factored axial compressive
force exceeding Agfc’/10.
 They should also comply the following requirements
 The shortes X-Sectional dimension, measured on a straight
line passing through geometric centroid, shall not be less than
12 inch
 The ratio of shortest X-sectional dimension to the perp.
Dimension shall not be less than 0.4
 Flexural strength of any column to resist Pu exceeding Afc’/10
shall satisfy the following
 ΣMnc >=1.2 ΣMnb
 Where Mnc = Sum of nominal flexural strengths of columns
framing into the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint.

 Where Mnc = Sum of nominal flexural strengths of columns
framing into the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint.
 Mnb = Sum of nominal flexural strengths of beams framing into
the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint.
 In case of T-beam a slab effective portion may also be considered
for nominal strength of the beams.
 If the last equation is not satisfied at the joint then the supporting
column shall be provided with the lateral reinforcement as specified
below
 Ast shall not be less than 1% and shall not be more than 6% of
Ag.
 Splices shall be permitted only within the centre half of the
member length and shall be enclosed within transverse
reinforcement.

 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the following
limit.
 d/4 or h/4
 6 x dia. Of longitudinal reinforcement
 It shall not exceed 6 inch and shall not be less than 4 inch.
 Transverse reinforcement specified above shall be provided over
length Lo, from each joint face and on both sides of any section where
flexural yielding is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lateral
displacements of the frame. Lo shall not be less than
 The depth of the member a the joint face or a the section where
flexural yielding is likely to occur
 1/6 of clear span of the member
 18 inch.

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PAKISTAN BUILDING CODE

Soil type SF is defined as soil requiring site specific evaluation

Building foundations shall be constructed on the basis of principles of

5. Longitudinal reinforcement ratio of cast insitu cased or uncased bored

Minimum axial 0.3-0.4 3,4 %6 %8 %10 %12

Minimum X section 0.3-0.4 3,4 25 25 30 30

Minimum X – 0.3-0.4 3,4 625 750 900 900

Minimum 0.3-0.4 3,4 4Φ16 4Φ16 4Φ16 4Φ20

9. Tie beams shall be considered both in the X-Section against

Decription of requirement S A & SB Sc SD

Minimum foundation depth 300 600 700

Minimum top and bottom

Min. transverse reinf. Φ8@300 Φ8@300 Φ8@300

Equivalent Zone Factor

Use the previous slide to determine the zone

Seismic Source Type

Near Source Factor Na

Near Source Factor Nv

 The following methods are to be used for the seismic analysis of

• The direction of seismic forces used in design shall be those

 The storey drift Δi of any column or structural wall shall be determined

 All portions of the structure shall be designed and constructed to act

 Flexural members of Special Moment Frames

 Flexural members of Special Moment Frames

 Flexural members of Special Moment Frames

 Flexural members of Special Moment Frames

 Special Moment Frames subjected to axial load and bending

 Special Moment Frames subjected to axial load and bending

 Special Moment Frames subjected to axial load and bending

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