C02 WCDMA RNO Handover in WCDMA

OWJ104104 WCDMA
Handover analysis
ISSUE 1.0
Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course,you will be able to:
 How to configure the handover

parameters
 How to do at handover optimization
2
Confidential Information of
Huawei. Security Level: Internal
Course Contents
Chapter 1Introduction
Chapter 2 handover principle
Chapter 3 SHO Optimization
Chapter4 Inter-RAT Optimization
3
Introduction
 In WCDMA system, there are soft handover, Intra

frequent hard handover, Inter frequent hard
handover, Inter system handover. Handover is the
most important part of mobile manage. It plays
very important role in RNO of WCDMA system .
4
Chapter 2 Handover principle
 2.1 Intra-frequency measurement
 2.2 Hard handover measurement
 2.3 Handover algorithms review
 2.4 Handover parameters review
5
Intra-frequency measurement
 Event 1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range
When the measurement values satisfy the following formulas, the UE deems that a primary pilot
channel has entered the reporting range,the trig condition for Ec/Io:
 NA 
10 log M new  CIOnew  W .10.Log  M i   (1  W ).10. log M best  ( R  H1a / 2)
 i 1 
 MNew is the measurement result of the cell that has entered the reporting range
 CIOnew is the cell individual offset which is configured for neighbor cells of servicing
cell
 Mi is the measurement result of the cells in the active set
 NA is the number of cells in the current active set
 MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set
 W is the weight factor
 R is the reporting range. With the signal strength as an example, R equals to the sig
nal strength of the best cell in the current active set minus a value
 H1a is the hysteresis value of event 1A
6
 Event 1B: A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range
When the following formulas are satisfied, the UE deems that a primary pilot ch
annel has left the reporting range .trig condition for Ec/Io:
 NA 
10 log M old  CIOold  W .10.Log  M i   (1  W ).10. log M best  ( R  H1b / 2)
 i 1 
 MOld is the measurement result of the cell that has left the reporting range
 CIOold is the cell individual offset which is configured for neighbor cells of servi
cing cell
 Mi is the measurement result of the cell in the active set
 NA is the number of cells in the current active set
 MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set
 W is the weighted factor
 R is the reporting range
 H1b is the hysteresis value of event 1B 7
 Event 1C: The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the pri
mary pilot channel in an active set
When the following formulas are satisfied, a non-active set cell replaces an old activ
e set cell and becomes an active set cell.trig condition for Ec/Io:
10 log M new  CIOnew InAS  W .10.LogM InAS  CIOInAS  H1c / 2
 MNew is the measurement result Ec/Io of the cell not included in the active set.
 CIONew is the individual cell offset for the cell becoming better than the cell in the a
ctive set if an individual cell offset is stored for that cell. Otherwise it is equal to 0.
 MInAS is the measurement result Ec/Io of the cell in the active set with the lowest
measurement result.
 CIOInAS is the individual cell offset for the cell in the active set that is becoming wo
rse than the new cell
 H1c is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1C, which is Hystfor1C.
8
 Event 1D: The best cell changes

When the following formulas are satisfied, the best cell will be chan
ged .trig condition for Ec/Io:
10 log M NotBest  10. log M best  H1D / 2

 MNotBest is the measurement result Ec/Io of a cell not stored
in "best cell".
 MBest is the measurement result Ec/Io of the cell stored in
"best cell".
 H1d is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1D, which is Hyst
for1D
9
10
Hard handover measurement
 Event 2D: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certa
in threshold. Event 2D can be used to enable the compressed mode to perform inte
r-frequency measurement.
 NA j 
Qcarrier j  10  LogM carrier j  W j 10  Log   M i j   (1  W j ) 10  LogM Best j  H / 2,

 i 1 
 Qcarrierj is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of frequency j
 Mcarrier j is the estimated quality value of frequency j
 Mi j is the measurement result of cell i with the frequency of j in the virtual acti
ve set
 NA j is the number of cells with the frequency of j in the virtual active set
 MBest j is the measurement result of the best cell with the frequency of j in th
e virtual active set
 Wj is the weight factor
 H is the hysteresis value
11
Hard handover measurement
 Event 2F: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a cert
ain threshold. Event 2F can be used to disable the compressed mode to stop inter-f
requency measurement .
 NA j 
Qcarrier j  10  LogM carrier j  W j 10  Log   M i j   (1  W j ) 10  LogM Best j  H / 2,
 i 1 
 Qcarrierj is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of frequency j
 Mcarrier j is the estimated quality value of frequency j
 Mi j is the measurement result of cell i with the frequency of j in the virtual acti
ve set
 NA j is the number of cells with the frequency of j in the virtual active set
 MBest j is the measurement result of the best cell with the frequency of j in th
e virtual active set
 Wj is the weight factor
 H is the hysteresis value 12
13
Handover Algorithms review
 Soft Handover Algorithms review

 Inter-RAT Handover Algorithms review
14
Handover algorithms review: SHO
 When event 1A report is received, if the active set is not full, th

en links are sequenced and added in the order of good quality
to poor quality (CPICH Ec/No) (in case that multiple cells repor
t event 1A), until the active set is full; if the active set is already
full, no processing will be made.
 When event 1B is received, if there are more than one links in
the active set, then the braches are sequenced and removed i
n the order of poor quality to good quality (CPICH Ec/No) (in c
ase that multiple cells report event 1B), until only one link is lef
t; if there is only one in the active set, no processing will be ma
de.
15
Handover algorithms review: SHO
 In case of event 1C, the UE will report the replacing and replaced
cells in the event trigger list. If the active set is not full, then the
triggered cell link will be added; if the active set is already full at
this moment and the replaced cell is not the best cell in the active
set, then this cell link will be removed.
 In case of event 1D, if the triggered cell is an active set cell, then
it will be marked as the best cell and measurement control is
updated; if the triggered cell doe not belong to the active set,
then this cell link will be added (if the active set is full, one of the
non-best cell will be removed before this link is added) and
marked as the best cell, with measurement control updated.
16
Handover algorithms review: Inter-RAT
 Inter-system handover is enabled only in cells located at the

verge of WCDMA FDD system coverage.
 For inter-system handover, CPICH RSCP is used as the
physical measurement quantity and events 2D and 2F are
used to decide enabling or disabling the compressed mode.
 For inter-system handover, three compressed mode style
sequences are used for concurrent measurement of GSM
RSSI, BASIC identification and BASIC reconfirm, and the
configuration of parameters is oriented to the cell type.
17
Handover algorithms review: Inter-RAT
 Periodic measurement reports are used for inter-system hando
ver, and the RNC decides whether to implement hard handove
r according to the measurement reports.
 Handover Evaluation, while the compressed mode is started a
nd this following formulas is satisfied, Inter-system handover w
ill be implemented. .
Mother_RAT + CIO Tother_RAT + H/2
 Mother_RAT is the estimated quality value RSSI of inter-system frequency
 Tother_RAT is the GSM RAT measurement init_threshold, the minimum sign
al Rxlev requirement for GSM cell as a handover target cell.
 CIO is Cell individual offset , the measurement signal Rxlev offset for GSM cell
 H is the hysteresis for GSM RSSI threshold .
18
19
Handover parameters review-SHO
 Report range (SHO relative threshold )

 Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient
 Time to Trigger
 Hysteresis
 CIO (cell individual offset)
20
 Report range (SHO relative threshold )

 The relative threshold parameters for soft handover include
IntraRelThdFor1A (relative threshold for event 1A) and
IntraRelThdFor1B (relative threshold for event 1B) .
 The parameters determine the size of the soft handover area
and the soft handover subscriber proportion. If report range is
too larger, monitor cell adds to active set cell very easily, soft
handover area is too larger and the forward capacity will be
waste serious; if the 1A and 1B report range is too small,
monitor cell is difficult to join to active cell and SHO can’t
implement smoothly, and handover success rate may be low
21
 Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient

 The filter is configured at Layer 3 intra-frequency measurem
ent report. This parameter used to smooth the influence of sh
adow fading and some fast fading burrs.
 The bigger the filter coefficient is, the stronger the smoothing
capability of the burr will be, but the lower the signal tracing ca
pacity will be. If if this parameter is too small, unnecessary sof
t handover and ping pong handover will influence the system;
if the filter is too bigger, soft handover can’t implement in time
and the call will always dropped in handover area .
22
 Time to Trigger
 The effect of the time-to-trigger is that the report is triggered
only after the conditions for the event have existed for the spe
cified time-to-trigger
 Mobile stations moving at different speeds respond differently
to the time-to-trigger value. The call drop rate is more sensitiv
e to the time-to-trigger value when the mobile station is in hig
h-speed movement, while it is less sensitive when the mobile
station is in low-speed movement, and ping-pong handover a
nd mis-handover are suppressed to a certain extent
23
 Hysteresis parameter related to SHO

 To limit the amount of event-triggered reports.
 The bigger the hysteresis is, the stronger the signal fluctuation
resistance capability will be, and the better the ping pong effec
t will be suppressed; however, the response speed of the hand
over algorithm on signal changes will be decreased. Therefore
, the radio environment (slow fading characteristics), the actual
handover distance and the user moving speed should be fully
considered for the setting of this parameter.
24
 CIO (Cell Individual Offset )

 This offset mechanism provides the network with an efficient to
ol to change the reporting of an individual primary CPICH .
 The bigger this parameter is, the more easily soft handover will
occur, and the more UEs will be in the soft handover state, but
the more forward resources will be occupied; the smaller this p
arameter is, the more difficultly soft handover will occur, which
will be likely to affect the receiving quality .
25
Handover parameters review-HHO
 compressed mode enable /disable threshold (2D/2F

Event threshold )
 GSM RSSI threshold
 filter coefficient
 Time to Trigger
 Hysteresis
 CIO (cell individual offset)
26
 2D/2F Event threshold

 UE will start compressed mode and measure GSM signal as
a handover target cell when the value of RSCP is below the

setting. UE will stop compressed mode l when the value of
WCDMA cell RSCP is higher than the setting.
 if the compressed mode is expected to start as early as
possible, set the 2D event threshold to a relatively big value;
otherwise, set it to a relatively small value. To control the ping
pong effect of the compressed mode start/stop, increase
appropriately the difference between the thresholds for 2D
event and 2F .
27
 filter coefficient
 The hysteresis for GSM RSSI threshold and the setting of whi
ch can reduce the probability of mis-decision caused by signal
jitter .
28
 Time to Trigger
 If the inter-RAT quality always satisfies the inter-RAT
handover decision condition within the time specified by this
parameter, the network will start the inter-RAT handover
process
 In high-speed cells, as mobile stations usually move fast, they
pass through the handover area very quickly. In addition, as
the shadow fading variance in a high-speed cell is small and
signal jitter after filtered by mobile stations is relatively small,
this parameter can be set to 2000ms or lower for high-speed
cells.
29
 Hysteresis
 The hysteresis for GSM RSSI threshold and the setting of whi
ch can reduce the probability of mis-decision caused by signal
jitter.
30
 CIO
 The measurement signal Rxlev offset for GSM cell .

 The bigger this parameter is, the higher the handover priority
of the GSM cells will be .
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Course Contents
32
Soft Handover Optimization
 SHO Optimization Target

 Drive Routes
 Optimization Solution
 Optimization Analysis approach
33
 SHO Optimization Target

In the early phase of the network, from KPI target, soft
handover success rate for event 1A&1B&1C should be larger
than 95%, and the call drop rate should be smaller than 5%.
34
 Drive Routes
In the early phase of the network, because KPI result don’t
change in evidence prior and post optimization, GPS drive
test is very important .It is essential to use identical drive
routes prior and post any optimization changes in order to
accurately quantify the impact of such changes.
35
 Optimization Solution
Many handover problems can be resolved through adjusting t
he soft handover parameters, such as:
 1A & 1B report range
 time to trigger
 intra-frequceny measurement filter coefficient
 CIO
 hysteresis
36
Soft Handover Optimization: Optimization
Analysis approach
 Small handover area

The active set quality decreases quickly but the good quality
monitor cell can’t add to active set in time.
This issue may be RNP problem but sometime this can’t be
resolved at RF optimization stage and also could be due to
soft handover configuration problem .
Enlarge 1A &1B&CIO report range to make the UE monitor
cell easily add to active set;
Short 1A time to trig to make the measurement report in time,
also can optimize the intra-frequency measurement coefficient;
37
 CIO Handover optimization example
After setting 3dB CIO of 506 and 505 cell, we can see that the
drop calls between 505 and 506 decreased. (Left picture is
before optimization)
38
Soft Handover Optimization: Optimization
Analysis approach
 Ping-Pong handover
The active set cell change frequently between the same cells.
This issue may be RF problem, and also cell soft handover
configuration problem.
Cells with many Ping-Pong handover may be causing call
dropped and poorer cell capacity.
This can enlarge intra-frequency measurement coefficient and
time to trigger.
39
 Ping-Pong handover example
The ping-pong handover of 505 cell and 506 cell
can be seen.
40
Course Contents
41
Inter-RAT Optimization
Presently, the main purpose of inter-RAT handover is to extend

the signal coverage range, so that the UEs at the verge of WC
DMA coverage can implement handover to the GSM system wi
thout communication interruption.
The configuration GSM neighbor list of WCDMA cells is very im
portant and always make wrong. At the same time, the parame
ters optimization is very important.
The optimization solution is parameters configuration such as: 2
D & 2F Event threshold, GSM RSSI threshold, Inter-RAT hand
over trigger time, intra-frequceny measurement filter coefficient
, CIO and Hysteresis.
42
43

C02 WCDMA RNO Handover in WCDMA

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OWJ104104 WCDMA

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

 Upon completion of this course,you will be able to:

 How to configure the handover

 How to do at handover optimization

Chapter 2 handover principle

Chapter 3 SHO Optimization

Chapter4 Inter-RAT Optimization

 In WCDMA system, there are soft handover, Intra

 2.1 Intra-frequency measurement

 2.2 Hard handover measurement

 2.3 Handover algorithms review

 2.4 Handover parameters review

10 log M new  CIOnew InAS  W .10.LogM InAS  CIOInAS  H1c / 2

 Event 1D: The best cell changes

10 log M NotBest  10. log M best  H1D / 2

 2.1 Intra-frequency measurement

 2.2 Hard handover measurement

 2.3 Handover algorithms review

 2.4 Handover parameters review

 2.1 Intra-frequency measurement

 2.2 Hard handover measurement

 2.3 Handover algorithms review

 2.4 Handover parameters review

 Soft Handover Algorithms review

 When event 1A report is received, if the active set is not full, th

 Inter-system handover is enabled only in cells located at the

 H is the hysteresis for GSM RSSI threshold .

 2.1 Intra-frequency measurement

 2.2 Hard handover measurement

 2.3 Handover algorithms review

 2.4 Handover parameters review

 Report range (SHO relative threshold )

 CIO (cell individual offset)

 Report range (SHO relative threshold )

 Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient

 Hysteresis parameter related to SHO

 CIO (Cell Individual Offset )

 compressed mode enable /disable threshold (2D/2F

 CIO (cell individual offset)

 2D/2F Event threshold

a handover target cell when the value of RSCP is below the

 The measurement signal Rxlev offset for GSM cell .

Chapter 2 handover principle

Chapter 3 SHO Optimization

Chapter4 Inter-RAT Optimization

 SHO Optimization Target

 SHO Optimization Target

 Small handover area

Chapter 2 handover principle

Chapter 3 SHO Optimization

Chapter4 Inter-RAT Optimization

Presently, the main purpose of inter-RAT handover is to extend

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