CELL

CELL…….Cellular basis of life

……..site of biochemical
activities

3
CELL… as a basic unit of life
(living organisms)

 highly organized complex system of

biomolecules

 foods are converted to energy, protoplasm and

other by – products with the aid of biological
catalyst called enzymes.

4
The Cell Theory
The cell theory describes the basic properties of all
cells.
The three scientists that contributed to the development
of cell theory are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor
Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
A component of the cell theory is that all living things
are composed of one or more cells.
A component of the cell theory is that the cell is the
basic unit of life. (smallest unit ; basic building block)
A component of the cell theory is that all new cells
arise from existing cells.
CELL… as a basic unit of life
(living organisms)

 same properties as living organisms

like: ability to grow, reproduce, respond to
stimuli, motility and metabolize

 manifestations of these properties can be

explained through biochemical reactions which
are greatly influenced by changes in cellular
environment.

6
CELL… as a basic unit of life
 combination of a true & colloidal solution
(some components are insoluble and
soluble in water medium)

 water content influences cellular activity,

70 - 90%

 the higher its water content, the more reactive is the

protoplasm

 organic,10 -25% ; inorganic, 1%

7
Cell size
cell size and surface area
As a cell grows, its volume increases much
more rapidly than its surface area. Since the
surface of the cell is what allows the entry of
oxygen, large cells cannot get as much
oxygen as they would need to support
themselves.
As animals increase in size they require
specialized organs that effectively increase
the surface area available for exchange
processes.
Types of movement across the cell
membrane
Methods of material transfer/Properties
of solution.
Passive Transport:

1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Dialysis

Active Transport

Facilitated transport
11
DIFFUSION
processby which molecules in solution distribute
themselves uniformly all throughout the solution.

theconstant movement of molecules from a region of

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to size of the

particles and the temperature

APPLICATION: to maintain the proper balance of

materials in the blood, tissue, fluids and the cell.

12
 Osmosis
itis net movement of solvent from the area
of dilute (lower concentration) solution to
the area of concentrated (greater
concentration) solution through a semi –
permeable membrane.

thepressure needed to prevent osmosis –

osmotic pressure.
Osmosis : Properties of Solution

ISOTONIC SOLUTION:
neutral: - have the same solute
concentration or solution with a
concentration equal to the inside
of the cell

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:
contains lower concentration: than
that inside of the cell contains higher
concentration:than that inside of
HEMOLYSIS WILL OCCUR
the cell.
CRENATION WILL OCCUR

14
To prevent crenation or hemolysis, IV (intravenous)
solutions must be isotonic.
 ISOTONIC
PRODUCTS
Isotonic solution
0.9% NaCl (NSS) is given during
dehydration, hemorrahge or post operative
shock prevention.

5.5% glucose solution is isotonic with

body fluids.

17
Water

Energy drinks
(electrolytes)
Water

Energy drinks
(electrolytes)
Water

Energy drinks
(electrolytes)
Fruits
Vegetables

Medicine

Beauty
products
Water

Energy drinks
(electrolytes)
Fruits
Vegetables

Medicine

Beauty
products
Hypertonic
If a solution with concentration
higher than 0.9 % NaCl is injected
into the blood, the cell will shrink.

25
 Crenation

pickles
 Crenation

shrivel of hands
Hemolysis
Distilled
or tap water are hypotonic
compared with blood.

Ifa hypotonic solution is injected into the

blood, solvent will flow into the red blood
cell (RBC) causing it to swell and finally
burst (hemolysis), liberating its
hemoglobin content

28
Hemolysis

raisins/prunes
 PLANTS

Retention of salt in the blood stream

(edema)
DIALYSIS
process by which smaller simple molecules are separated
from larger complex molecules by allowing the simple
to diffuse/pass through a semipermeable membrane.

separationof colloidal particles from true solution by

means of semi permeable membrane

only the solution can pass through the membrane,

movement is spontaneous, no need of enzymes and
energy

colloidal particles cannot pass through it

31
DIALYSIS
APPLICATION:
Hemodialysis – removal of soluble waste products from the
blood stream by means of membrane, causing purification
of blood.

 Kidney membranes allow the passage of soluble waste

material but not the colloidal proteins.

If a solution containing albumin and salt in a bag membrane

to salt but not to albumin and the bag membrane were
placed in water, the salt would pass through the bag
membrane into the water leaving the albumin inside the bag
membrane.

32
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of materials against a
concentration gradient

It requires enzymes and energy

33
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
It does not need expenditure of ATP but
requires the presence of carrier proteins.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or ATP, is the principal molecule for storing and transferring
energy in cells. It is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell and can be compared to

.
storing money in a bank

The carrier protein will transport the

substance across the membrane.

Example: transport of glucose in cells.

34
 Transport of the Substances Across the
Membranes: SUMMARY
PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Substances are transported by means of its Substances are transported with the
inherent kinetic energy expenditure of ATP

Movement of substances is from greater Movements of substances is from lesser

concentration to lesser concentration concentration to a greater concentration.

Movement establishes an equilibrium point Movements establishes a concentration

(osmosis, diffusion, dialysis) gradient.
Example : Na – K pump, phagocytosis,
pinocytosis

Does not need carrier proteins. Needs the presence of carrier proteins –
enzymes
35
Examples :
PHAGOCYTOSIS

engulfing a large particles by the membrane

into the cell
White blood cells get rid of foreign bodies
and dead cells through this process

PINOCYTOSIS

engulfing a droplets of fluids by the

membrane
Large proteins in suspension are transported
into the cell this way.

36
Cell
MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLS:
All cells:
surrounded by a cell membrane (plasma
membrane) about 7 nm thick
Some cells:
encapsulated by a cell wall, a cell coat or
some other protective barrier.

37
 Cell
Based on their structural and functional
properties cells may be described as:

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic : animal and plant cells

Organelles – multiple membrane bodies

38
CELLS

39
Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-
bound organelles, including a
nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled
or multicelled, such as you, me, plants,
fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an
example of prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a
nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle.

40
41
PROKARYOTES
single – celled organisms
ranging in size from 1 to 10 μm
under the classification of Monera
(bacteria) and Archaea
most of it are lack of any detectable
internal compartments, and many are
surrounded by a rigid cell wall
Its plasma membrane may fold into a
multilayered structure called mesosome.
42
PROKARYOTES
Escherichia coli , E. coli– (prokaryote) most
thoroughly studied organism on Earth
It is a rod – shaped bacterum about 2 μm long and 1
μm in diameter.
It is part of the intestinal flora of the human intestine
It is capable of dividing once every 20 minutes
It possesses single, large DNA molecule with the
blue print of about 4000 different proteins.
Some of it have one or more smaller DNAs known
as plasmids.

43
PROKARYOTES
Need to study prokaryotes because:
They are normal beneficial inhabitants of
our bodies

Others cause tooth decay, illnesses, and

even death

44
45
46
Animal eukaryotes
are 10 to 100 μm long
Infinitely have more genetic information than
a prokaryote.
Over 250 varieties of human cell vary greatly
in size depending on their role and function
Contain 700 times more DNA as E.coli

Contain multiple membrane bodies known as

organelles.

47
48
PLANT EUKARYOTES
Plant cells cell differ from animal cells on
several points:
They have cell wall for protection and support
They contain unique double membrane
organelles called plastids which are used for
photosynthesis and the assembly and storage
of starch. Plastids used for photosynthesis are
called chloroplasts. Plastids like the
mithochondria and nucleus, contain their own
DNA.
49
PLANT EUKARYOTES
Plant cells cell differ from animal cells on
several points:
They contain one or more conspicuous
membrane – enclosed vacuoles which are
filled with fluid. This is for the creation
and maintenance of osmotic pressure ,
which forces the host cell, vacuoles may
occupy over 90% of the total volume of
the cell.

50
Plant eukaryotes

51
Some eukaryotic organelles an their major functions:

ORGANELLES MAJOR FUNCTIONS IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Nucleus Stores DNA; is involved in the expression of genetic information and
ribosome assembly; contains the nucleolus which involved in the assembly
of ribosomes.
The double membranes that surrounds the nucleus is the nuclear envelope,
which is breached by numerous nuclear pore complexes that rivet the two
membranes together.
The contents of the cell outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm.

Mitochondrion Oxidation of fuel; energy production; powerhouse of the cell; also has a
double membrane, separated by the intermembrane space. The inner
membrane holds into itself to form cristae. The volume enclosed by the
inner membrane is called matrix space.

Golgi apparatus Contains stacks of flattened membrane – enclosed bodies called cisternae,
modification and transport of proteins and lipids from the endoplastic
reticulum (ER); production of lysosomes.

52
Some eukaryotic organelles an their major functions:

ORGANELLES MAJOR FUNCTIONS IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Nucleus Stores DNA; is involved in the expression of genetic information and
ribosome assembly; contains the nucleolus which involved in the assembly
of ribosomes.
The double membranes that surrounds the nucleus is the nuclear envelope,
which is breached by numerous nuclear pore complexes that rivet the two
membranes together.
The contents of the cell outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm.

Mitochondrion Oxidation of fuel; energy production; powerhouse of the cell; also has a
double membrane, separated by the intermembrane space. The inner
membrane holds into itself to form cristae. The volume enclosed by the
inner membrane is called matrix space.

Golgi apparatus Contains stacks of flattened membrane – enclosed bodies called cisternae,
modification and transport of proteins and lipids from the endoplastic
reticulum (ER); production of lysosomes.

53
Some eukaryotic organelles an their major functions:
ORGANELLES MAJOR FUNCTIONS IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Endoplastic reticulum An intricate winding membrane, rough ER contains ribosomes used by the
(ER) cell to assemble proteins. The smooth ER does not have ribosomes and
produces some of the cell’s lipids. The ER participates in the processing,
synthesis, packaging, and tranport of its products (proteins and lipids).

Lysosome A membrane – enclosed bag of hydrolytic, digestive enzyme responsible for

the intracellular digestion of materials brought into cellls, brakdown and
recycling of cellular components of damaged parts of the cell.

54
 Differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
No cytoskeleton cytoskeleton,:
• internal network of proteins, like: Iactin
tubulin, and keratin for structural stability.
• participates in the movements of cells and
repositioning of organelles.
Changes in the cytoskeleton plays a central role in
the transformation of normal cells into cancer
cells.
It is not considered as organelles because it lacks
a membrane

Less DNA content Hundreds to thousnds times more

Do not contain membrane – bound organelles Presence of organelles

Smaller About 5 – 10 times larger

55
Comparison of the structure:
prokaryote; animal cell and plant cell

56
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
and
BIOMOLECULES

57
Functional group?

Part of a molecule that is

responsible for its reactivity
under a particular set of
conditions..
Why is it important to
recognize functional
groups of organic
compounds? insert slide.ppt
To make a reasonable, confident
prediction about properties,
application, and how a compound
will behave or react.
61
Bioorganic substances

62
63