1. (a) Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.

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(1)

(b) Explain how the properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of the cell
surface membrane.

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(2)

(c) State the composition and the function of the plant cell wall.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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2. (a) An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell with a specific function. In the table
below, identify the missing organelles and outline the missing functions.

Name of Structure of organelle Function of organelle

organelle
Region of the cell containing
chromosomes, surrounded by a
Nucleus Storage and protection of
double membrane, in which there
chromosomes
are pores.

..........................................................
Ribosome Small spherical structures, ..........................................................
consisting of two subunits.
..........................................................
Spherical organelles, surrounded Digestion of structures that are not
by a single membrane and needed within cells.
..................
containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Organelles surrounded by two ..........................................................

membranes, the inner of which is
folded inwards.
..................
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(4)

(b) The table above shows some of the organelles found in a particular cell. Discuss what
type of cell this could be.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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3. The drawing below shows the structure of a virus.

(a) Identify structures labelled I and II.

I: ...........................................................................................................................

II: ...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use the scale bar to calculate the maximum diameter of the virus. Show your working.

Answer: .....................................................
(2)

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 (c) Explain briefly why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses.

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(3)

(d) Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.

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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

4. (a) State the typical size of

(i) a bacterium; ......................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) an average eukaryotic cell. ...............................................................................

(1)

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 (b) Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio in limiting cell size.

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

5. (a) Distinguish between the terms resolution and magnification when applied to electron
microscopy.

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(2)

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The electron micrograph below shows part of a cell.

[Source: M Turmaine, UCL]

(b) Identify the structures labelled I and II.

I ................................................................................................................................. .

II ................................................................................................................................ .
(2)

(c) State one function of the structure labelled II.

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(1)

(d) Deduce, with a reason, whether this cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

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6. (a) Define the term sex linkage.

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(1)

(b) A male and female with normal colour vision each have a father who is colour blind.
They are planning to have children. Predict, showing your working, the possible
phenotypes and genotypes of male and female children.

K ey
m ale
fem a le
affe cte d m a le
affe cte d fem a le
?

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(3)

(c) Explain the relationship between Mendel’s law of segregation and meiosis.

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 (d) Distinguish the differences between animal cells and plant cells undergoing mitosis and
cytokinesis.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

7. (a) List two functions of membrane proteins.

1. ..........................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Oxygen (O2 ) moves across the membrane by diffusion. Define the term diffusion.

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(1)

(c) Potassium can move across the membrane by passive or active transport. Distinguish
between active transport and facilitated diffusion of ions.

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(2)

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 (d) The hormone insulin leaves the cell by exocytosis. Describe the process of exocytosis.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

8. The diagram below shows some features of ATP synthetase.

(a) Identify in which cell organelle the process below occurs?

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(1)

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 (b) Explain the process represented by the diagram.

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(3)
(Total 4 marks)

9. (a) Variation occurs at the species level. Explain how sexual reproduction promotes variation
in species.

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(2)

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 (b) Living organisms are classified according to their characteristics using a hierarchy of
taxa. State the missing taxa in the table below.

Levels in the hierarchy of classification taxa

(i) .......................................................................

Phylum

(ii) .......................................................................

(iii) .......................................................................

Family

(iv) .......................................................................

Species
(2)

(c) Explain how differentiation results in a variety of different types of cells occurring in a
multicellular organism.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

10. (a) Define osmosis.

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(1)

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(b) Outline how transport occurs across membranes by facilitated diffusion.

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(2)

(c) Explain how the properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell
membranes.

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

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