INFO 2601

DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN BUSINESS

• OSI and TCP/IP
Model
Lecture 4,5 and 6
Chapter 2

Semester 2 2020
 What is a Protocol?
• The set of conventions or rules governing the
exchange of data between 2 (TWO) entities

• Is used for communication between entities in

different systems
 Entities – Programs, E-mail software, database systems ,
file transfer programs

 Systems – Computers, terminals, servers

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 PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE FOR TCP/IP
Building A Building B Boss
DATA Office B
Boss DATA
Office A Room 1 Room 2 Engineer
Office B
Engineer 1 2 DATA 1 2 DATA
Office A
Despatch
Despatch A B 1 2 DATA A B 1 2 DATA Office B
Office A
A
B

TA
DA
1
2

2
DA

1
TA

B
HIGHWAY A Despatch Office A goes through the
network highway to pass the data to
NETWORK Despatch Office B

Data originates from Boss @ Office A to Boss @ OfficeB

 PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE – 3 LAYER MODEL

Building A Building B
Application B
Application A DATA DATA
Room 1 Room 2
Transport B
Transport A 1 2 DATA 1 2 DATA
Network
Access B
Network A B 1 2 DATA A B 1 2 DATA
Access A
A
B

TA
DA
1
2

2
DA

1
TA

B
COMMUNICATIONS A Despatch Office A goes through the
NETWORK network highway to pass the data to
Despatch Office B

Data originates from Application A to Application B

OSI NETWORKING MODEL
 Network Models
Network models use layers to
describe networks Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Each layer describes the services Provides

provided to the layer above it and
those required from the layer
below it Exchanges

Layer N Layer N
It also describes the format of
exchanges between peer layers on
different network hosts
Requires
Because the layers “stack” on top of
one another, we often refer to
network protocol “stacks” when we Layer N-1 Layer N-1
talk about the implementation

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 Network Models
The most well-known network Layer 7 – Application
model is the OSI (Open Systems
Layer 6 – Presentation
Interconnect) Reference Model
defined and maintained by the Layer 5 – Session
Organization for International
Standardization (ISO) Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 3 – Network
It consists of seven layers,
numbered from the bottom Layer 2 – Data Link
(closest the network) to the top
Layer 1 – Physical
(closest the user)

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 OSI Reference Model
Layer 1 – The Physical Layer
 Defines the type of media to be used
 Defines representation of data on the
medium
– Is a ‘0’ “high” or “low”, “on” or “off”?
– What order are bits transmitted (if
serial)?

Layer 1 – Physical

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 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 2 – The Data Link Layer
 Defines “right to transmit” rules
 Provides directly-connected host-to-
host data transfer
 Defines higher-level structure of
data (frames)
 Defines “physical” address structure
Layer 2 – Data Link
for hosts
Layer 1 – Physical

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 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 3 – The Network Layer
 Provides end-host-to-end-host data
transfer across (potentially)
multiple data links
 Defines higher-level structure of
data (packets)
Layer 3 – Network
 Defines “abstract” address
Layer 2 – Data Link
structure for hosts
Layer 1 – Physical

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 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 4 – The Transport Layer
 Provides process-to-process data
transfer
 May provide for reliable data
transfer Layer 4 – Transport

 Defines higher-level structure for

Layer 3 – Network
data (datagrams, streams, etc.)
 Defines “port” addresses for Layer 2 – Data Link
services (processes)
Layer 1 – Physical

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 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 5 – The Session Layer
 Provides a logically persistent
connection between processes Layer 5 – Session

 May involve user or host Layer 4 – Transport

authentication (login), transaction
encapsulation (for database Layer 3 – Network
access), etc.
Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical

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 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 6 – The Presentation Layer
 Defines the network representation Layer 6 – Presentation

of data
Layer 5 – Session
 Converts between the network and
Layer 4 – Transport
host representations of data
(ASCII/EBCDIC, byte order,
Layer 3 – Network
encryption, compression, etc.)
Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical
 OSI Reference Model
• Layer 7 – The Application Layer Layer 7 – Application

 Provides a portal for the

Layer 6 – Presentation
application to access the network
Layer 5 – Session
 Describes the dialog between two
applications communicating across Layer 4 – Transport
the network.
Layer 3 – Network

Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical

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OSI AND TCP/IP NETWORKING
MODEL COMPARISON
TCP/IP Network Layers

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 TCP/IP Network Layers
ISO Model

Layer 7 –
Application
Layer 6 –
Presentation
Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 –
Transport
Layer 3 – Network

Layer 2 – Data
Link
Layer 1 – Physical
 TCP/IP NETWORKING LAYERS
• The U.S. DoD created the TCP/IP reference model because
it wanted a network that could survive any conditions.
• TCP/IP model has become the Internet standard.
 Application Layer
• Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation,
encoding, and dialog control.

Application

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 Transport Layer
Five basic services:
• Segmenting upper-layer application data
• Establishing end-to-end operations
• Sending segments from one end host to another end host
• Ensuring data reliability
• Providing flow control

Transport
 Internet Layer
• Best path determination and packet switching

Internet
 Network Access Layer
 The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues
that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to
the network media.

 It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the
details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers.

Network
Access

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TCP/IP Network Layers

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 TCP/IP Protocols and Standards
1. HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) -The protocol (rule) on how information
is transferred through the internet

2. HTTPS ( Secured Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) –Combination of HTTP protocol

and SSL/TLS protocol providing encryption and secure identification of network
web server

3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - is a standard network protocol used to exchange

and manipulate files over the Internet.

4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard for electronic

mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks

5. POP (Post Office Protocol) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol

used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a
TCP/IP connection

6. IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a form of real-time Internet text messaging (chat)
or synchronous conferencing for group communication /one-to-one discussion.
Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
 TCP/IP Network Layers

Layer 7 – Application

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 3 – Network

Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical

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 NETWORKING ARCHITECTURE
AND PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
 OSI NETWORK SYSTEMS – THE PHYSICAL LAYER

NETWORK DEVICES TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

Layer 7 – Application
USER ORIENTED
FUNCTIONS

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 – Transport
COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS

Layer 3 – Network
ROUTER

Layer 2 – Data Link SWITCH/ BRIDGE

HUB, NETWORK CARDS,

Layer 1 – Physical MODEMS
WIRED VS WIRELESS
 THE PHYSICAL LAYER
Layer 7 Application
It is concerned with transmitting raw bits
Layer 6 Presentation over a communication channels:

Layer 5 Session Transmission medium:

Layer 4 Transport
1. Wired:
wires (CAT5 UTP, coax, fiber optic)
Layer 3 Network
Devices : modems, hubs, network card.
Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
2. Wireless:
Air interface for WiFi and Cellular, Satellite
Communications, Infra-Red
 THE PHYSICAL LAYER :
Layer 7 Application WIRED COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical

CAT5 cable
Speeds up to 100 Mbps.
 THE PHYSICAL LAYER :
Layer 7 Application WIRED COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Layer 6 Presentation
When looking at network cables in the way
Layer 5 Session
the wire ends are connected within the
Layer 4 Transport RJ45.
Straight though cables
Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 THE PHYSICAL LAYER :
Layer 7 Application
DEVICES - HUBS
Layer 6 Presentation
• Hubs are layer 1 devices. They regenerates
Layer 5 Session the signal and broadcast it out all the rest of
their ports.
Layer 4 Transport
• Classifications of hubs
Layer 3 Network 1. Active or Passive hubs.
Layer 2 Data Link
2. Intelligent or Dumb hubs.

Layer 1 Physical
 OSI NETWORK SYSTEMS – THE DATA LINK LAYER

NETWORK DEVICES TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

Layer 7 – Application
USER ORIENTED
FUNCTIONS

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 – Transport
COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS

Layer 3 – Network
ROUTER

Layer 2 – Data Link SWITCH/ BRIDGE

HUB, NETWORK CARDS,

Layer 1 – Physical MODEMS
WIRED VS WIRELESS
Layer 7 Application
THE DATA-LINK LAYER

Layer 6 Presentation The data link layer takes raw transmission

and transforms it into a line that appears
Layer 5 Session
free of transmission errors in the network
Layer 4 Transport
layer.
• There are smart devices such as switches
Layer 3 Network
and bridges in the Data-Link Layer.
Layer 2 Data Link • These devices takes decision on the basis
of MAC address.
Layer 1 Physical
 THE DATA-LINK LAYER :
MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) ADDRESS
Layer 7 Application
1. Media Access Control address (MAC address) is a
Layer 6 Presentation
unique identifier (ID) assigned to network adapters or
network interface cards (NICs)
Layer 5 Session 2. Can be queried knowing the IP Address (equivalent to
OSI Layer 3) using the Address Resolution Protocol
Layer 4 Transport (ARP)
3. format is six groups of two hexadecimal digits,
Layer 3 Network separated by hyphens (-)

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical

Eg. 12-43-67-4A-56-AB
 THE DATA-LINK LAYER
Layer 7 Application
• Data link layer sends frames - small fixed
Layer 6 Presentation
length pieces of data.

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link BRIDGES AND SWITCHES

• Are Layer 2 device.
Layer 1 Physical
• They make decisions based on MAC addresses.
• Not associated with unintelligent or passive
network devices such as hubs and repeaters.
 THE DATA-LINK LAYER DEVICE
Layer 7 Application
BRIDGE
Layer 6 Presentation
1. Ability to expand beyond single LAN
Layer 5 Session
2. Provide interconnection to other
Layer 4 Transport
LANs/WANs
3. Use Bridge or router
Layer 3 Network
4. Bridge is simpler
Layer 2 Data Link  Connects similar LANs
Layer 1 Physical
 Identical protocols for physical and link
layers
 Minimal processing
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation
WHY BRIDGE?
Layer 5 Session
• Reliability
Layer 4 Transport • Performance
Layer 3 Network • Security
Layer 2 Data Link
• Geography
Layer 1 Physical
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation FUNCTIONS OF A BRIDGE

Layer 5 Session
1. Read all frames transmitted on one LAN
Layer 4 Transport and accept those address to any station on
the other LAN
Layer 3 Network
2. Using MAC protocol for second LAN,
Layer 2 Data Link retransmit each frame
3. Do the same the other way round
Layer 1 Physical
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation
BRIDGE OPERATION
Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 Bridges and LANs with Alternative Routes
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
Layer 7 Application
THE DATA-LINK LAYER DEVICE
Layer 6 Presentation NETWORK SWITCH
Layer 5 Session 1. A networking device that connects network
segments
Layer 4 Transport
2. Processes and routes data at the data link layer
Layer 3 Network (layer 2) of the OSI Model.

Layer 2 Data Link

3. Switches that additionally process data at the
network layer (layer 3 and above) are often
Layer 1 Physical referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer
switches
Layer 7 Application Network Switch - Function
Layer 6 Presentation 1. May operate at one or more OSI layers,
including physical, data link, network, or
Layer 5 Session
transport (i.e., end-to-end).
Layer 4 Transport
2. A device that operates simultaneously at more
Layer 3 Network than one of these layers is called a multilayer
switch
Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
3. Switches can connect to high bandwidth
speed networks, including Ethernet, Fibre
Channel, ATM, and 802.11.
Layer 7 Application
Switches make decisions based on the MAC table.
Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 Layer 2 Switch v Bridge
SWITCH
1. Can incorporate logic to
function as multiport bridge
2. Switch performs address
recognition and frame
forwarding in hardware
3. Switch has multiple parallel
data paths
1. Can handle multiple
frames at a time
4. Switch can have cut-through
operation
BRIDGE
1. Bridge frame handling
done in software
2. Bridge only analyzes and
forwards one frame at a
time
3. Bridge uses store-and-
forward operation
4. Bridge suffered
commercially
1. New installations typically
include layer 2 switches
with bridge functionality
rather than bridges
 OSI NETWORK SYSTEMS – THE NETWORK LAYER

NETWORK DEVICES

Layer 7 – Application

USER ORIENTED Layer 6 – Presentation

FUNCTIONS
Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 – Transport

COMMUNICATION Layer 3 – Network ROUTER

FUNCTIONS
Layer 2 – Data Link SWITCH/ BRIDGE

Layer 1 – Physical HUB, NICs, CABLES

(FIBER OPTIC, CAT5, DSL, Copper)
 THE NETWORK LAYER
Layer 7 Application The network layer is concerned with
controlling the operation of the subnet.
Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session
IP Address
Layer 4 Transport
An Internet Protocol address is a logical
Layer 3 Network
address that is assigned to devices
participating in a computer network utilizing
Layer 2 Data Link
the Internet Protocol for communication
Layer 1 Physical
between its nodes.
 THE NETWORK LAYER DEVICE : ROUTERS
Layer 7 Application • A router is a Layer 3 device.
Layer 6 Presentation
• It Forwards data depending on the Network
address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address.
Layer 5 Session
• The purpose of a router is to examine
Layer 4 Transport
incoming packets (Layer 3 data), choose the
best path for them through the network.
Layer 3 Network
• It works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments.
Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 ROUTING TABLE AND ARP TABLE
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 MAC AND ROUTING TABLE
Layer 7 Application
MAC address generally remains fixed and follows the
Layer 6 Presentation
network device, but the IP address changes as the
network device moves from one network to another.
Layer 5 Session

IP networks maintain a mapping between the IP

Layer 4 Transport
address of a device and its MAC address. This
mapping is known as the ARP cache or ARP table.
Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

ARP, the Address Resolution Protocol, supports the
logic for obtaining this mapping and keeping the
Layer 1 Physical cache up to date
 Routing Limits the collision domain
Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 1 Physical
 USER ORIENTED LAYERS

Layer 7 – Application

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 3 – Network

Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical

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 THE TRANSPORT LAYER
1. Provides logical communication between
applications processes running on different
Layer 7 – Application hosts.
2. It is transport protocol that runs in end systems.
Layer 6 – Presentation
 Sender side: breaks application messages
Layer 5 – Session into segments, passes to network layer.
 Receiver side: reassembles segments into
Layer 4 – Transport
messages, passes to application layer.
Layer 3 – Network 3. Has more than one transport protocol available :
TCP and UDP.
Layer 2 – Data Link
4. Reliable, in-order delivery: TCP (Connection-
Layer 1 – Physical oriented and acknowledgment.)
5. Unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP
(Connection-less and no-acknowledgment)
USING IP AND PORT ADDRESSES TO IDENTIFY SERVICES

For IP Address 138.60.30.5,

• Port 25 is for E-Mail datagrams
• Port 80 is for web server
datagrams
Common Port Assignments
 IP ADDRESS AND PORT ASSIGNMENTS

Gmail Server
192.168.2.1:25 (SMTP) Web Server File Server
192.168.2.1:21 (FTP) 192.168.2.2:80 (HTTP) 192.168.2.3:20
(FTP)

User 1 User 2 User 4

User 3
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.4
192.168.1.3
 THE SESSION LAYER

1. The session layer allows different machines

Layer 7 – Application to establish sessions between them.
Layer 6 – Presentation
2. The Session layer provides the mechanism
Layer 5 – Session for managing the dialogue control and
token management end- user application
Layer 4 – Transport
processes.
Layer 3 – Network

Layer 2 – Data Link

3. It provides communication between
systems in simplex mode, half duplex and
Layer 1 – Physical
full duplex mode.
 THE PRESENTATION LAYER

Layer 7 – Application 1. The presentation layer is responsible for

the delivery and formatting of
Layer 6 – Presentation
information to the application layer for
Layer 5 – Session further processing or display.
Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 3 – Network
2. If any packets got lost along the way, or
were damaged, then the presentation
Layer 2 – Data Link
layer will send a sign to the sender that it
Layer 1 – Physical
requires the specific packet.
 THE APPLICATION LAYER

Layer 7 – Application 1. It interfaces directly to and performs

common application services for the
Layer 6 – Presentation
application processes; it also issues
Layer 5 – Session requests to the presentation layer.
Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 3 – Network
2. It has many end-user protocols to
perform various tasks.
Layer 2 – Data Link

Layer 1 – Physical
 Q. Refer to the exhibit. If Host 1 were to transfer a file to the server, what
layers of the TCP/IP model would be used?

1. only application and Internet layers

2. only Internet and network access layers
3. only application, Internet, and network access layers
4. application, transport, Internet, and network access layers
5. only application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers
6. application, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers
NETWORKING DEVICES SUMMARY
 CONNECTING BELOW INTERNET LEVEL
Hub
Layer 7 Application  Center of star topology
 In Ethernet, multiport repeater or
Layer 6 Presentation concentrator
Hub

Layer 5 Session Bridge

 Connects 2 networks of same
Layer 4 Transport technology – extended LAN Ethernet Ethernet

 Filters/forwards/floods based on
Layer 3 Network
MAC Bridge
 Link layer – frames
Layer 2 Data Link
Switch
Layer 1 Physical  Connects 2+ networks – packet- Ethernet Ethernet

switched network CIS COSY S TEM S

T3 CISCO SYSTEMS
C IS COSY ST EM S

STS-N

 Reduces collisions
Switch
 CONNECTING AT THE INTERNET LEVEL

Layer 7 Application ROUTER

 Originally gateway
Ethernet Ethernet

CISCOSYSTEMS CISCOSYSTEMS

Layer 6 Presentation
 Forwards packets based
Layer 5 Session on network layer info (IP)
 Separate broadcast
Layer 4 Transport Router
domains
Layer 3 Network
 In each domain, IP packet CISCO SYSTEMS

encapsulated in domain- Token-

ring

Layer 2 Data Link specific packet

Layer 1 Physical
INTER-NETWORK PROCESSORS COMPARISON
Switch makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network

intelligent communications processor that

Router interconnects networks based on different
protocols

Hub a port-switching communications

processor

Gateway connects networks with different

communications architectures
COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS

MAC MAC
Address Address
IP Address IP Address

IP Address
IP Address

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