COMFORT AND INDUSTRIAL

AIR CONDITIONING
COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING

It is the process of altering the properties

of air ( primarily temperature and humidity )
to more comfortable conditions .

The aim is to distribute the conditioned air to

an occupied space to improve thermal comfort
and indoor air quality

Air conditioning is defined as a process which cools or heats ,cleans,

circulates, freshens air , and controls the moisture contents simultaneously.

When the requirement area is confined into peoples comfort limit, then it is
called Comfort air conditioning.

A.C in homes ,offices ,stores , restaurant , theatre , hospitals etc are of these
type
HUMAN COMFORT

Four atmospheric conditions which affect human comfort are :

TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY

AIR PURITY AIR MOVEMENT

An air conditioner controls the above factors to achieve human comfort

level

Most people feel comfortable when the air temperature is between 18-22
deg celsius and % moisture content is between 40-65%
INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING

The purpose of this is to control atmospheric

conditions primarily for proper conduct of
research & manufacturing e.g. electronics
and computer industries , paper mills ,
textile mills, candy factories, photo
processing etc.

The industrial air conditioning should also

provide at least a partial measure of comfort
for the people working in the industries

The application are very diverse, involving

cooling of laboratories down to -40 deg Celsius for engine testing to cooling
of farm animals.
Applications of industrial air conditioning

1. Laboratories
involve precision measurement to performance testing of materials,equipment and
processes at controlled temperature and relative humidity .
Some Labs might require very clean atmosphere .

2. Printing
the ink of one color should get dried before applying the other so that color doesn’t
smudge, paper should not get shrinked . This require control over temperature as well as
humidity . Improper humidity causes static electricity ,curling and bucklg of paper.

3. Photographic material
The raw material used for photographic purposes has to be maintained at low temperature
since it deteriorates at high temperature and humidity

Other places of applications are:

Textile industry
Pharmaceuticals industry
Power plants
Vehicular air conditioning etc
SOLAR ENERGY FOR REFRIGERATION
 Introduction
• A solar-powered refrigerator is a refrigerator which
runs on energy directly provided by sun, and may
include photovoltaic  or solar thermal energy.
• Solar-powered refrigerators are able to keep
perishable goods such as meat and dairy cool in hot
climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines
at their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage.
• Solar-powered refrigerators are typically used in off-
the-grid locations where utility provided AC power is
not available.
 Technology
• Solar powered refrigerators are characterized by thick insulation
and the use of a DC (not AC) compressor.
• Traditionally solar-powered refrigerators and vaccine coolers use a
combination of solar panels and lead batteries to store energy for
cloudy days and at night in the absence of sunlight to keep their
contents cool.
• These fridges are expensive and require heavy lead-acid batteries
which tend to deteriorate, especially in hot climates, or are
misused for other purposes
• In addition, the batteries require maintenance must be replaced
approximately every three years, and must be disposed of as
hazardous wastes possibly resulting in lead pollution.
 Types of solar refrigeration

• Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle

• Solar Mechanical Refrigeration
• Absorption Refrigeration Solar cooling can
be considered for two related processes: To
provide refrigeration for food and medicine
preservation and To provide comfort
cooling.
Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle:

• Vapor compression cycle with power input from Photovoltaic

cells.
• DC electric power output from PV runs the compressor of a
conventional cycle.
• Considerations: —
• Must match voltage imposed on PV array to the motor
characteristics and power requirements of the refrigeration cycle
• For given operating condition (solar radiation and module
temperature), single voltage provides maximum power output.
• Must find compressor motor closely matched to the electric
characteristics of the PV module.
 Solar Mechanical Refrigeration
• Vapor compression cycle with power input from
solar Rankine cycle.
• Considerations:
• Efficiency optimization based on delivery
temperature
• Efficiency of Rankine cycle increases with
increased heat exchanger temperature
• Efficiency of solar collector decreases with
increase in temperature.
 Absorption Refrigeration:

• Condenser, throttle, evaporator function exactly the

same way.
• Replaces compressor with “thermal compression
system”.
• Ammonia is working fluid
• Minimal mechanical power input (pump instead of
compressor).
• Absorption into water solution allows it to be pumped.
• Desorbed in generator (rectifier required to separate out
water).
• Heat into generator provided by solar collectors.
• The pressurisation is achieved by dissolving the
refrigerant in the absorbent, in the absorber
section.
• Subsequently, the solution is pumped to a high
pressure with an ordinary liquid pump.
• In this way the refrigerant vapour is compressed
without the need of large amounts of mechanical
energy that the vapour-compression air
conditioning systems demand.
• This system greatly increases complexity.
 Benefits:
• Environmentally friendly
• Longevity
• Scalable

• Application of solar refrigeration:

• Solar energy should be given a chance if we want to protect the environment.
• We own it to our children, our grandchildren and the generations to come.
• Refrigerators
• Freezers
• Ice-makers
• Coolers
• Building air-cooling systems
 Simple Vapour
Absorption System
• A Simple Vapor absorption system consists of
evaporator, absorber, generator, condenser,
expansion valve, pump & reducing valve. In this
system ammonia is used as refrigerant and solution
is used is aqua ammonia. Strong solution of aqua
ammonia contains as much as ammonia as it can
and weak solution contains less ammonia. The
compressor of vapor compressor system is replaced
by an absorber, generator, reducing valve and
pump.
 A simple vapour absorption system consists of the
following parts.

• Generator: The solution of aqua-ammonia received

from the absorber is heated by some external
sources such as electric heater or gas flame.
Because of this heating the ammonia solution gets
separated into ammonia vapour at high pressure
and hot weak ammonia which mostly consists of
water.Condenser: Condenser converts the high
pressure ammonia vapour received from the
generator into high pressure ammonia liquid. This
process is done by means of circulating cool water.
• Expansion valve or throttle valve: The expansion
that takes place in the expansion valve is throttling.
The high pressure ammonia liquid is expanded to
low pressure low temperature ammonia in the
expansion valve.
• Evaporator: Evaporator, also called cold chamber, is
the actual freezing. The ammonia refrigerant
passing through the evaporator absorbs the heat
and evaporates.
• Absorber: The function of the absorber is to absorb
low pressure ammonia vapour from the evaporator
and weak ammonia solution from the generator.
The purpose of the absorber is to make this mixture
into a string solution, which is pumped back to the
generator.
• Heat Exchanger: It is used to transfer the heat from
strong ammonia solution to the weak solution.
• Pump: It is used to circulate the strong ammonia
through the heat exchanger. The pump increases
the pressure of the solution.
Working Principle
• The low-pressure ammonia vapour leaving the
evaporator enters the absorber, where it is
absorbed by cold water forming a strong solution of
ammonia. This solution is known as aqua-ammonia.
Due to absorption of ammonia, the pressure in the
absorber reduces, which in turn, increases the
temperature of the solution. The coolant removes
the heat generated in the absorber. The strong
solution from the absorber is pumped by a liquid
pump to the generator through a heat exchanger.
• The pump increases pressure of the solution. The
heat exchanger increases the temperature of the
high pressure strong solution. The strong solution
of ammonia is further heated in the generator with
help of steam or a heating coil. The ammonia
vapour is driven off or generated during this
heating process. The hot, high-pressure ammonia
vapour is then condensed in the condenser using
water as a coolant. Meanwhile due to generation of
vapour, weak solution remains in the generator.
• The weak solution at high pressure flows back to
the absorber after passing through a pressure
reducing valve. When the demand for refrigeration
arises, the expansion valve in the circuit is opened.
The ammonia in liquid passes through the
expansion valve. The ammonia subsequently
undergoes an expansion process and then enters
the evaporator. In the evaporator, it absorbs heat
and produces the refrigeration effect.
• The low-pressure ammonia vapour from the
evaporator then re-enters the absorber, where it is
again absorbed to form a strong solution and the
cycle repeats itself. Thus completes the simple
vapour absorption refrigerator cycle.
• Advantages
• · Absence of moving parts so less noise.
• · Exhaust system may be used as a source of heat
energy.
• · Load variation does not affect the performance of
the system.
• · Control is easy for absorption system.
• · Cost of the system is less.
SUBMITTED BY
• ADISH NOUSHAD
• EVELYN MARIA JOY
• VAISHAK P NAMBIAR