HVAC ASSIGNMENT

Overall heat transfer coefficient, Compressor,

Effects of bend on duct.

Submitted by – Sherin Mathew

Govind Narayan
Remzine DennisMendez
 OVER ALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
It is often useful to determine values for overall
heat transfer coefficients while performing non-
exact activities such as early project
cost estimating and basic heat exchanger
performance assessments. 
• The equation which relates the overall heat transfer coefficient to the heat
duty and the heat transfer area is:  
                     Q= U*A*DTlm            
Where:
• Q = heat load
• U = overall heat transfer coefficient
• A = heat transfer area
• DTlm = log mean temperature difference 
• From this equation it can be seen that the U value is directly proportional
to Q, the heat transfer rate. Assuming the heat transfer surface and
temperature difference remain unchanged, the greater the U value, the
greater the heat transfer rate. In other words, this means that for a certain
heat exchanger and product, a higher U value could lead to shorter batch
times and increased production/revenue.
Overall heat transfer coefficients are dependant on many
parameters such as the nature of the fluid, fluid velocities, type of
heat exchanger, temperatures and fouling.  Despite all these
determining parameters, typical overall heat transfer coefficients
are available for common applications and fluids.   the following
values can be used as a guide for overall heat transfer
coefficients: 
              
Sensible Vapour:                                                    30 Btu/hr-
ft2-F
Sensible Heating/Cooling or Condensing:                100 Btu/hr-
ft2-F
Boiling:                                                                120 Btu/hr-
ft2-F
• When more information about the fluids and process is
available, one can use the overall heat transfer coefficient
values in the tables below as a guide as to the order of
magnitude.  Actual overall heat transfer coefficients may be
smaller or larger than the values listed.    
 HEATERS (No phase change)
Hot fluid Cold fluid Overall u
(BTU/hr-)
Steam Air 10 – 20
Steam Water 250 – 750
Steam Methanol 200 – 700
Steam Ammonia 200 – 700

Steam Aqueous solutions 100 – 700

Light hydrocarbons
Steam (viscosity < 0.5 cP) 100 – 200

Medium hydrocarbons
Steam (0.5 cP < viscosity < 1 cP) 50 – 100
Heavy hydrocarbons
Steam (viscosity > 1) 6 – 60
Steam Gases 5 – 50
Dowtherm Gases 4 – 40
Dowtherm Heavy oils 8 – 60

Aromatic hydrocarbon
Flue gas and steam 5 – 10
 EVAPORATORS
Hot fluid Cold fluid Overall (BTU/hr-ft2-F)

Steam Water 350 – 750

Steam Organic solvents 100 – 200

Steam Light oils 80 – 180

Steam Heavy oils (vacuum) 25 – 75

Water Refrigerant 75 – 150

Organic solvents Refrigerant 30 – 100

 COOLERS (No phase chage)
Cold Fluid  Hot Fluid Overall U 
(BTU/hr-ft2-F)
Water Water 150 – 300
Water Organic solvent 50 – 150
Water Gases 3 – 50
Water Light oils 60 – 160
Water Heavy oils 10 – 50
Light oil Organic solvent 20 – 70
Brine Water 100 – 200
Brine Organic solvent 30 – 90
Brine Gases 3 – 50
Organic solvents Organic solvents 20 – 60
Heavy oils Heavy oils 8 – 50
 CONDENSERS
Cold Fluid  Hot Fluid Overall U 
(BTU/hr-ft2-F)
Water Steam (pressure) 350 -750

Water  Steam (vacuum) 300 – 600

Organic solvent (saturated,
Water or brine atmospheric) 100 – 200
Organic solvent (atmospheric, high
Water or brine non-condensables) 20 – 80

Water or brine Organic solvent (saturated, vacuum) 50 – 120

Organic solvent (vacuum, high non-
Water or brine condensables) 10 – 50
Aromatic vapours (atmospheric
Water or brine with non-condensables) 5 – 30
Low boiling
Water hydrocarbon (atmospheric) 80 – 200

Water High boiling hydrocarbon (vacuum) 10 – 30

When the process is well defined, one can use film heat transfer coefficients to calculate the overall
heat transfer coefficient.  
        
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from the film coefficients using the equation:
           
 1   =      1   + Rout  +  Rwo   +  Rio   +  1 
 U           hout                                      hio 
         
Where:
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
hout = film coefficient on outside surface
Rout = resistance due to fouling on outside surface 
Rwo = resistance due to metal wall of heat transfer area (corrected to the outside)
Rio = resistance due to fouling on inside surface (corrected to the outside)
hio = = film coefficient on inside surface (corrected to the outside) 
In order to use the equation above, values for the film heat
transfer coefficients must be determined.  Film coefficients,
just like overall coefficients, are influenced by many
parameters such as nature of the fluid, type of heat exchanger,
fluid velocity, transport properties and temperature. The tables
below provide examples of film coefficients values for various
applications.  Again, these should be used as a guide as to the
order of magnitude and the actual film coefficients may be
smaller or larger than the values listed. 
 No phase change
Fluid Film Coefficient 
(BTU/hr-ft2-F)

Water 300 – 2000

Gases 3 – 50

Organic Solvents 60 – 500

Oils 10 – 120
 CONDENSING
Fluid Film Coefficient 
(BTU/hr-ft2-F)
Steam 1000 – 3000
Organic Solvents 150 – 500
Light Oils 200 – 400
Heavy Oils (vacuum) 20 – 50
Ammonia 500 – 1000
evaporation
Fluid Film Coefficient 
(BTU/hr-ft2-F)

Water 800 – 2000

Organic Solvents 100 – 300

Light Oils 150 – 300

Heavy Oils 10 – 50

Ammonia 200 – 400

• The heat transfer coefficient is the proportionality coefficient between
the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat
(i.e., the temperature difference, ΔT):
h = q / (Ts - K)
where:
q: amount of heat required (Heat Flux), W/m2 i.e., thermal power per
unit area, q = d\dot{Q}/dA
h: heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
Ts = Solid Surface temperature
K = Surrounding fluid area Temperature 
• It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or
phase transition between a fluid and a solid. The heat transfer
coefficient has SI units in watts per squared meter kelvin: W/(m2K).
Heat transfer coefficient is the inverse of thermal insulance. This is
used for building materials (R-value) and for clothing insulation.
• The overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the thickness and
thermal conductivity of the mediums through which heat is transferred.
The larger the coefficient, the easier heat is transferred from its source to
the product .
• Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid
and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the analysis
of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer
coefficient U that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat
transfer. The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a
heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at
that location, which varies along the heat exchanger. In the analysis of heat
exchangers, it is usually convenient to work with the logarithmic mean
temperature difference LMTD, which is an equivalent mean temperature
difference between the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger.
In general, for any heat exchanger the heat transfer coefficient
depends mainly on
 No.oftubes
 Velocities in the tube and shell
 Tubeoutsidediameter
 Bafflespacing
 Bafflecut
 Length of the tubes
 Tubepitch
 Logarithmicmeantemperaturedifference
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGE PROCESSESS:

Heat exchangers are classified on the basis of nature of heat exchange

process, relative direction of fluid motion, design and constructional
features, and physical state of fluids
 Directcontact(oropen)heatexchangers.  Indirect contact heat
exchangers
a) Regenerators
b) Recuperators
 Direct contact heat exchangers
In a direct contact or open heat exchanger the exchange of heat
takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold fluids and transfer
of heat and mass takes place simultaneously. The use of such
units is made under conditions where mixing of two fluids is
either harmless or desirable.
Examples:
 Coolingtowers.
 Jet condensers.
 Directcontactfeedheaters.
Indirect contact heat exchanger:
a) Regenerators
b) Recuperators
Regenerators:
In a regenerator type of heat exchanger the hot and cold fluids
passes alternately through a space containing solid particles,
these particles providing alternatively a sink and a source for
heat flow. Examples:
 I.Cenginesandgasturbines.
 Openheartandglassmeltingfurnaces.
 Airheatersofblastfurnaces.
A regenerator generally operates periodically (the solid matrix
alternately stores heat extracted from the
hot fluid and then delivers it to the cold fluid). However, in
some regenerators the matrix is made to rotate through the fluid
passes arranged side by side which makes the heat exchange
process continuously.The performance of these regenerators is
affected by the following parameters:
 Heatcapacityofregeneratingmaterials.  The rate of
absorption.
 Thereleaseofheat.
 ADVANTAGES
 Higher heat transfer coefficient.
 Less weight per KW of the plant.
 Minimum pressure loss.
 Quick response to load variation.
 Small bulk weight.
 Efficiency quite high.
 DISADVANTAGE
 Costlier compared to recuperative heat exchangers.
 Leakage is the main trouble; therefore, perfect sealing is required. Recuperators or
surface heat exchangers:
Recuperators is the most important type of heat exchanger in which the flowing fluids
exchanging heat are on either side of dividing wall(in the form of pipes are tubes
generally). These heat exchangers are used when two fluids cannot be allowed to mix
i.e., when the mixing is undesirable.
Examples:
 Automobileradiators.
 Oil coolers; inter coolers, air pre heaters, economizers, super heaters, condensers and
surface feed
heaters of a steam power plant.
 Milkchillerofpasteurizingplant.
 Evaporators of an ice plant.
Effect of bends on duct
• Turbulance :
One of the primary causes of reduced air flow is turbulence. This one is
a kind of friction of the air rubbing against itself. The main cause of
turbulence within ducts is turning the air. When you send air through a
90° turn, the type of fitting you use to do so can make a big difference.
In both of the 90° elbows, the air enters nice and
smoothly. That's laminar flow. When it makes the turn,
however, notice that the air in the elbow with the
curved inside edge (the throat) results in less
turbulence. The elbow with the square throat produces
more turbulence.
• Friction : The first cause of reduced air flow is friction. When air moving through a
duct rubs against the inner surfaces of that duct, it loses energy. It slows down. Its
pressure drops. The more it rubs, the more those things happen.
The amount of friction depends on the nature of the material the duct is made of, how
it was installed, how dirty it is, and how fast the air is moving.

• Friction rates and pressure drops : As air moves through a supply

duct, the pressure created by the fan behind it keeps it moving. The
farther it travels down the duct, though, the more that pressure is reduced
by friction and turbulence. That's true in good duct systems as well as
bad.
• Both of these causes, friction and turbulence, are included in the friction
rates given for various types of ducts and fittings.
Compressor :
• The compressor is the heart of the cooling function of heating, ventilation and
air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The air conditioner component of a
building's HVAC system essentially is a type of refrigerator that cools and
dehumidifies the air in the building, ensuring thermal comfort for the
occupants. Most HVAC compressors look like a black box with lines running
to and from it.
Compressor Function :
Air conditioners are devices that transfer heat from an enclosed space to the
outside air. The motor-driven compressor in an air conditioning system powers
the whole heat-transfer cycle. Air conditioners rely on two facts of nature. One
is that heat flows from a high-temperature area to a lower temperature area.
The other is that gases always flow from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure
area.
Compressor Types

• Two types of compressor dominate HVAC systems in buildings: piston

and scroll. The piston type uses pistons attached to a motor-driven
crankshaft to draw in and compress the refrigerant. Scroll compressors
use an orbiting scroll on an eccentric motor-driven crankshaft to suck
in vaporized refrigerant and push it into a stationary scroll whose
volume gradually decreases to compress the refrigerant. There are
three forms of compressor construction.
• Hermetically sealed units have motor and compressor sealed within a
welded steel casing. They can't leak, but they also can't be repaired.
Semi-hermetic units put motor and compressor inside a steel shell
whose halves are sealed with a gasket and bolts. These can be opened
for repairs, but might leak refrigerant. Open compressors have motor
and compressor as separate units linked by a coupling.
THANK YOU