ASPHALT and WOOD

Group 3
Asphalt
2 Basic ingredients of asphalt

 Aggregates- a mixed of crushed stone, gravel, and sand.

2 Basic ingredients of asphalt

 Bitumen- the black or dark viscous material that holds

the aggregates together. Derived from crude oil
Elemental components of Asphalt

 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Sulfur
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Iron
 Nickle
 Vanadium
Types Asphalt

 Hot mix asphalt concrete – produced under high heat and

is the most durable of the asphalt types.

 Warm mix asphalt concrete – does not require high

temperatures for manufacturing because of the additional of
emulsions, waxes, and zeolites.

 Mastic asphalt – has less bitumen content than hot mix

asphalt concrete and is commonly used for roads, footpaths, and
play courts,
 WOOD
 The particular type of tree from which wood comes is called the
SPECIES.

 Is a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and a branches of

a tree that lies between the pith and the bark.

 Important industrial raw material, and one of the few renewable

natural resources.
 WOOD STRUCTURE
SAPWOOD

HEARTWOO
D

HEARTWOOD – central portion of stem, it is hard, tough and has a darker

region

SAPWOOD – outer portion of the wood is lighter in color and soft which
performs the function of conduction of minerals and water.
The cross section of a tree trunk
reveals the layers of new wood
that are formed annually. These
called annual rings.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 CELLULOSE
 (C6H10O5)n occurs in the form of long slender filaments or chains,
these having been built up within the cell wall from the glucose
monomer (C6Hl2O6).

HEMICELLULOSES and LIGNIN

 are regarded as cementing materials contributing to the structural
integrity of wood and also to its high stiffness.
 Extractives
 is a collective name for a series of highly complex organic compounds
that are present in certain woods in relatively small amounts.

MINERALS such as:

• Calcium
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium
 TWO TYPES OF WOOD
CHARACTERISTICS SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD

source CONIFER TREES DECIDUOUS TREES

weight LIGHWEIGHT AND SOFTER HEAVYWEIGHT AND

THAN HARDWOOD HARDER THAN SOFTWOOD

color LIGHT DARK

Resistance to fire POORER THAN HARDWORD BETTER THAN SOFTWOOD

duration LESS DURABLE HIGHLY DURABLE AND LAST

FOR SSEVERAL DECADES

Growth rate FASTER THAN HARDWOOD SLOWER THAN SOFTWOOD

cost LESS EXPENSIVE MORE EPENSIVE

DENSITY OF
SOFTWOOD AND
HARDWOOD
How can wood be used in
constructing a building?
 TWO TYPES OF WOOD

 Hardwood
- are commonly used in the construction of walls, ceilings and
floors.

 Softwood
- are often used to make windows, furniture and doors.
Beams

- a long sturdy piece of a squared timber or metal spanning an opening

or part of a building usually to support the roof or the floor above.
Columns
- a vertical structure usually consisting of a base a cylindrical staff and
a capital, used as a support or standing alone as a monument.
Roof trusses

- is a structural framework of timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof.
Studs

-it is a vertical framing member on a building`s wall of smaller cross section than a post .
Scaffolding

a temporary structure on the outside of a building, made usually of

wooden planks and metal poles, used by workers while building,
repairing, or cleaning the building.
Windows and Door framing
Famous Structures made of Wood Material
Famous Structures made of Wood Material
Famous Structures made of Wood Material
 Timber
– used to refer to the wood at any stage
after the tree has been felled. This can
include the raw material, also known as
rough timber or the processed material
Methods of Seasoning of Timber

Natural Seasoning Artificial Seasoning

 Air Drying  Kiln Seasoning
 Water Drying  Chemical Seasoning
 Electrical Seasoning
 Boiling/Steaming
 Air Seasoning –  carried out in a shed
Sea Seasoning –  carried out on the
with a platform
banks of rivers

Natural Seasoning
 Kiln Seasoning – timber is placed inside Chemical Seasoning – timber is immersed in a solution of
the airtight chamber and fully saturated air suitable salt, then the timber is dried in a kiln
with 35° - 38° is forced inside the kiln

Electrical Seasoning – high Boiling – timber is immersed in water and then

frequency alternate electric current water is boiled for 3 to 4 hours then it is dried
is passed through timber slowly

Artificial Seasoning
Lumber
- generic term that applies to various lengths of
wood used as construction materials
Typical Cutting Methods for Lumber

 Plainsawn
 Quartersawn
 Riftsawn
Joist and Light Framing
Plank

Post and Timber

Decking Beams and Stringers

TRIVIA 1!!!!

Timber Lumber
 wood that is freshly cut and still has its bark on   wood material that has been rough sawn and cut to
length
 bark-less in nature