CEMENT

 production of mortar and concrete

Concrete

Mortar

LIME
 What is Cement?
• a binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other materials together

hydration
 Chemical composition
Chemical Compound Percentage
Lime, Cao 60-66
Silica, Sio2 17-25
Alumina,Al2O3 3-8
Calcium Sulfate 0.1-0.5
Iron Oxide, Fe2O3 0.5-6
Magnesia, MgO 1-3
Sulphur trioxide, SO3 1-3
Alkalis 0-1
 Forms of cement
• Hydraulic Cement
have the ability to set and harden under water
e.g Portland cement

• Non-hydraulic cement
cement cannot be hardened when exposed to water
e.g Gypsum plasters
 Physical Properties of cement
• Fineness of Cement
-the size of the particles of the cement 
• Soundness
- ability of cement to not shrink upon hardening
• Consistency
-ability of cement paste to flow
• Strength
Compressive
 Tensile
Flexural
• Setting time
-time when cement sets and hardens by the time water is
added
Initial set: when the paste begins to stiffen noticeably
(typically occurs within 30-45 minutes)
Final set: When the cement hardens, being able to sustain
some load (occurs below 10 hours)
• Heat of hydration
-chemical reaction that takes place when water and cement
are mixed together
• Loss of ignition
• Bulk density
• Specific gravity (Relative density)
 Types of cement
• Portland Cement
• Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
• Sulphate Resisting Cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Quick Setting Cement
• Portland Pozzolana Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• Colored Cement
• White Cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• Expansive Cement
• Hydrophobic Cement
 What is Concrete?
-a hard, strong material that is used for building
- it is strong, durable, low maintenance, fire-
resistant, simple to use and can be made to fit any
sizes or shape
Cement
-is just one of the composition of concrete

Concrete
- Is made up of three basic components
 Components of Concrete
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
 Cement
Cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregates and sand
in mix.
 Aggregates
• Sand is the fine aggregates. • Gravel is the coarse
aggregates.
 Water
• Water is needed to chemically react with the cement and to
provide workability with the concrete
Types of concrete
• Modern Concrete
• High-strength Concrete
• High-performance Concrete
• Ultra High-performance Concrete
• Stamped Concrete
• Self-Consolidating Concrete
• Shotcrete
• Limecrete
Manufacturing of Portland
Cement
Joseph Aspdin

- British stone mason

- Isle of Portland England

 Main Ingredients

Limestone – calcium carbonate

-HARDNESS
Clay – aluminum silicate iron (iii) oxide
- BINDS THE HARDNESS
Gypsum – Hydrous Calcium Sulfate
- decreases the setting time of the
cement
Two main process

Dry Process

Wet Process
Dry Process

limestone and clay

crushing
proportioning
mixed together
= raw meal
Wet Process

Limestone Clay

Crushing Purified by water

Proportioning
Mixing

= Raw slurry
( 38 – 40% of water )
Burning of Raw Materials
Charge

Rotary Kiln

Raw meal/ Raw slurry

- Charge
Clinker
is the product produce in the Rotary Kiln

Tricalcium aluminate, C3A

Tricalcium silicate, C3S
Dicalcium silicate, C2S
Ferrite, C4AF

is must be cooled down immediately to get quality

cement
from approximate 17000C to 2000C
Finishing grinding

Clinker and approximately 2-3% of

Gypsum is mixed in the Ball Mill
Ball Mill
- contain small steel ball that will grind the
clinker and gypsum
Portland cement is formed
Ceramics
 Ceramics
• A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid
made up of either metal or non-
metal compounds that have been shaped and
then hardened by heating to high
temperatures.
• Tare hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle.
Traditional ceramics – pottery
 Ceramic Material
• A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-
metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride or
carbide material. Some elements, such
as carbon or silicon, may be considered
ceramics.
• Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in
compression, weak in shearing and tension
 Classification of Ceramics
• Ceramics can also be classified into three
distinct material categories:
Oxides: alumina, beryllia, ceria, zirconia
Nonoxides: carbide, boride, nitride, silicide
Composite materials: particulate reinforced, fiber
reinforced, combinations of oxides and nonoxides.
• Each one of these classes can develop unique
material properties because ceramics tend to
be crystalline.
 Advanced ceramics – new materials

• Advanced ceramic materials are now well

established in many areas of everyday use,
from fridge magnets to an increasing range or
industries, including metals production and
processing, aerospace, electronics,
automotive and personnel protection.
 Ceramic Product Usage
• Structural
• Refractories
• Whitewares
• Technical
Sand and other Aggregates
 Sand
• is a granular material composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles.
• Sand is a non-renewable resource over human
timescales, and sand suitable for making
concrete is in high demand.
 Construction Aggregates
• is a broad category of coarse to medium
grained particulate material used in
construction, including sand, gravel, crushed
stone, slag, recycled concrete and
geosynthetic aggregates.
• Aggregates are a component of composite
materials such as concrete and asphalt
concrete
What Is the Role of Aggregates in Concrete?

• Aggregate accounts for 60 to 75% of the

concrete's total volume and
• Divided into two categories:
Fine
Coarse