Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Object-Oriented Programming Chapter

    Uploaded by

    Logenthiran Machap
    14 views56 pages
    java

    Original Title

    Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects 10e

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    java

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    14 views56 pages

    Object-Oriented Programming Chapter

    Uploaded by

    Logenthiran Machap
    java

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 56

    Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 1
    Motivations

    You see the advantages of object-oriented programming


    from the preceding chapter. This chapter will demonstrate
    how to solve problems using the object-oriented paradigm.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 2
    Objectives
    ❑ To apply class abstraction to develop software (§10.2).
    ❑ To explore the differences between the procedural paradigm and object-
    oriented paradigm (§10.3).
    ❑ To discover the relationships between classes (§10.4).
    ❑ To design programs using the object-oriented paradigm (§§10.5–10.6).
    ❑ To create objects for primitive values using the wrapper classes (Byte,
    Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double, Character, and Boolean)
    ❑ (§10.7).
    To simplify programming using automatic conversion between primitive
    ❑ types and wrapper class types (§10.8).
    To use the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes for computing very large
    numbers with arbitrary precisions (§10.9).

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 3
    Class Abstraction and
    Encapsulation
    Class abstraction means to separate class implementation
    from the use of the class. The creator of the class provides
    a description of the class and let the user know how the
    class can be used. The user of the class does not need to
    know how the class is implemented. The detail of
    implementation is encapsulated and hidden from the user.

    Class implementation Class Contract


    is like a black box (Signatures of
    hidden from the clients
    Clients use the
    Class public methods and class through the
    public constants) contract of the class

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 4
    Designing the Loan Class
    Loan
    -annualInterestRate: double The annual interest rate of the loan (default: 2.5).
    -numberOfYears: int The number of years for the loan (default: 1)
    -loanAmount: double The loan amount (default: 1000).
    -loanDate: Date
    The date this loan was created.
    +Loan()
    Constructs a default Loan object.
    +Loan(annualInterestRate: double,
    numberOfYears: int, Constructs a loan with specified interest rate, years, and
    loanAmount: double) loan amount.
    +getAnnualInterestRate(): double
    +getNumberOfYears(): int Returns the annual interest rate of this loan.
    +getLoanAmount(): double Returns the number of the years of this loan.
    +getLoanDate(): Date Returns the amount of this loan.
    +setAnnualInterestRate( annualInte Returns the date of the creation of this loan.
    restRate: double): void Sets a new annual interest rate to this loan.
    +setNumberOfYears( numbe
    rOfYears: int): void Sets a new number of years to this loan.
    +setLoanAmount( loanAmou
    nt: double): void
    Sets a new amount to this loan.
    +getMonthlyPayment():
    double Returns the monthly payment of this loan.
    +getTotalPayment(): double Returns the total payment of this loan.

    Loan TestLoanClass Run


    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 5
    Object-Oriented Thinking
    Chapters 1-8 introduced fundamental programming
    techniques for problem solving using loops, methods, and
    arrays. The studies of these techniques lay a solid
    foundation for object-oriented programming. Classes
    provide more flexibility and modularity for building
    reusable software. This section improves the solution for a
    problem introduced in Chapter 3 using the object-oriented
    approach. From the improvements, you will gain the
    insight on the differences between the procedural
    programming and object-oriented programming and see the
    benefits of developing reusable code using objects and
    classes.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 6
    The BMI Class
    The get methods for these data fields are
    provided in the class, but omitted in the
    UML diagram for brevity.
    BMI
    -name: String The name of the person.
    -age: int The age of the person.
    -weight: double The weight of the person in pounds.
    -height: double The height of the person in inches.

    +BMI(name: String, age: int, weight: Creates a BMI object with the specified
    double, height: double) name, age, weight, and height.
    +BMI(name: String, weight: double, Creates a BMI object with the specified
    height: double) name, weight, height, and a default age
    20.
    +getBMI(): double Returns the BMI
    +getStatus(): String Returns the BMI status (e.g., normal,
    overweight, etc.)

    BMI UseBMIClass Run


    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 7
    Object Composition
    Composition is actually a special case of the aggregation
    relationship. Aggregation models has-a relationships and
    represents an ownership relationship between two objects.
    The owner object is called an aggregating object and its
    class an aggregating class. The subject object is called an
    aggregated object and its class an aggregated class.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 8
    Class Representation
    An aggregation relationship is usually represented as a data
    field in the aggregating class. For example, the
    relationship in Figure 10.6 can be represented as follows:

    public class Name { public class Student public class Address {


    ... { private Name name; ...
    } private Address }
    address;

    ...
    }
    Aggregated class Aggregating Aggregated
    class class

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 9
    Aggregation or Composition
    Since aggregation and composition
    relationships are represented using classes in
    similar ways, many texts don’t differentiate
    them and call both compositions.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 10
    Aggregation Between Same Class
    Aggregation may exist between objects of the same
    class. For example, a person may have a supervisor.

    1
    Person
    Supervisor
    1

    public class Person {


    // The type for the data is the class itself
    private Person supervisor;
    ...
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 11
    Aggregation Between Same Class
    What happens if a person has several supervisors?

    1
    Person
    Supervisor
    m

    p u b l i c c l a s s P e r s o n
    {
    . . .
    p r i v a t e P e r s o n [ ] s
    u p e r v i s o r s ;
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 12
    Example: The Course Class
    Course
    -courseName: String The name of th e course.
    -students: String[] An array to store the students for the course.
    -numberOfStudents: int The number of s tudent s (default : 0).
    +Course(courseName: String) Creates a course with the specifi ed
    +getCourseName(): String name. Returns the course name.
    +addStudent(student: String): void Ad ds a new student to the course.
    +dropStudent(student: String): void Drops a student from the course.
    +getStudents(): String[]
    Returns the student s in the
    +getNumberOfStudents(): int
    course.
    Returns the number of students in
    the course.

    Course TestCourse Run

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 13
    Example: The StackOfIntegers
    Class
    StackOfIntegers
    -elements: int[] An array to store integers in the stack.
    -size: int The number of integers in the stack.
    +StackOfIntegers() Constructs an empty stack with a default capacity of 16.
    +StackOfIntegers(capacity: int) Constructs an empty stack with a specified capacity.
    +empty(): boolean Returns true if the stack is empty.
    +peek(): int Returns the integer at the top of the stack without
    removing it from the stack.
    +push(value: int): int
    Stores an integer into the top of the stack.
    +pop(): int
    +getSize(): int
    Removes the integer at the top of the stack and returns it.
    Returns the number of elements in the stack.

    TestStackOfIntegers Run
    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 14
    Designing the StackOfIntegers Class

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 15
    Implementing StackOfIntegers
    Class

    StackOfIntegers

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 16
    Wrapper Classes
    ❑ Boolean ❑ Integer NOTE: (1) The wrapper classes do
    not have no-arg constructors. (2)
    ❑ Character ❑ Long The instances of all wrapper classes
    are immutable, i.e., their internal
    ❑ Short ❑ Float values cannot be changed once the
    objects are created.
    ❑ Byte ❑ Double

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 17
    The Integer and Double
    Classes
    java.lang.Integer java.lang.Double
    -value: int -value: double
    +MAX_VALUE: int +MAX_VALUE: double
    +MIN_VALUE: int +MIN_VALUE: double

    +Integer(value: int) +Double(value: double)


    +Integer(s: String) +Double(s: String)
    +byteValue(): byte +byteValue(): byte
    +shortValue(): short +shortValue(): short
    +intValue(): int +intValue(): int
    +longVlaue(): long +longVlaue(): long
    +floatValue(): float +floatValue(): float
    +doubleValue():double +doubleValue():double
    +compareTo(o: Integer): int +compareTo(o: Double): int
    +toString(): String +toString(): String
    +valueOf(s: String): Integer +valueOf(s: String): Double
    +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Integer +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Double
    +parseInt(s: String): int +parseDouble(s: String): double
    +parseInt(s: String, radix: int): int +parseDouble(s: String, radix: int): double

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 18
    The Integer Class
    and the Double
    Class
    ❑ Constructors

    ❑Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE

    ❑Conversion Methods

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 19
    Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors
    You can construct a wrapper object either from a
    primitive data type value or from a string
    representing the numeric value. The constructors
    for Integer and Double are:
    public Integer(int value)
    public Integer(String s)
    public Double(double value)
    public Double(String s)

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 20
    Numeric Wrapper Class Constants
    Each numerical wrapper class has the constants
    MAX_VALUE and MIN_VALUE. MAX_VALUE
    represents the maximum value of the corresponding
    primitive data type. For Byte, Short, Integer, and Long,
    MIN_VALUE represents the minimum byte, short, int,
    and long values. For Float and Double, MIN_VALUE
    represents the minimum positive float and double values.
    The following statements display the maximum integer
    (2,147,483,647), the minimum positive float (1.4E-45),
    and the maximum double floating-point number
    (1.79769313486231570e+308d).

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 21
    Conversion Methods
    Each numeric wrapper class implements the
    abstract methods doubleValue, floatValue,
    intValue, longValue, and shortValue, which
    are defined in the Number class. These
    methods “convert” objects into primitive type
    values.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 22
    The Static valueOf Methods
    The numeric wrapper classes have a useful
    class method, valueOf(String s). This method
    creates a new object initialised to the value
    represented by the specified string. For
    example:

    Double doubleObject = Double.valueOf("12.4");


    Integer integerObject = Integer.valueOf("12");

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 23
    The Methods for Parsing Strings into Numbers

    You have used the parseInt method in the


    Integer class to parse a numeric string into an
    int value and the parseDouble method in the
    Double class to parse a numeric string into a
    double value. Each numeric wrapper class has
    two overloaded parsing methods to parse a
    numeric string into an appropriate numeric
    value.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 24
    Automatic Conversion Between Primitive Types
    and Wrapper Class Types

    JDK 1.5 allows primitive type and wrapper classes to be converted automatically. For
    example, the following statement in (a) can be simplified as in (b):

    Equivalent
    Integer[] intArray = {new Integer(2), Integer[] intArray = {2, 4, 3};
    new Integer(4), new Integer(3)};

    (a) New JDK 1.5 boxing (b)

    Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3};


    System.out.println(intArray[0] + intArray[1] + intArray[2]);

    Unboxing

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 25
    BigInteger and BigDecimal
    If you need to compute with very large integers or
    high precision floating-point values, you can use
    the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes in the
    java.math package. Both are immutable. Both
    extend the Number class and implement the
    Comparable interface.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 26
    BigInteger and BigDecimal
    BigInteger a = new BigInteger("9223372036854775807");
    BigInteger b = new BigInteger("2");
    BigInteger c = a.multiply(b); // 9223372036854775807 * 2
    System.out.println(c);

    LargeFactorial Run

    BigDecimal a = new BigDecimal(1.0);


    BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(3);
    BigDecimal c = a.divide(b, 20, BigDecimal.ROUND_UP);
    System.out.println(c);
    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 27
    Chapter 11 Inheritance and Polymorphism

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 28
    Motivations
    Suppose you will define classes to model circles,
    rectangles, and triangles. These classes have many
    common features. What is the best way to design
    these classes so to avoid redundancy? The answer is
    to use inheritance.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 29
    Objectives















































    













































    To define a subclass from a superclass through inheritance



















     (§11.2).















































    













































    




















     To invoke the superclass’s constructors and methods using





















     the super keyword
     (§11.3).















































    













































    To override instance methods in the subclass (§11.4).



































































    













































    




















     To distinguish differences between overriding and overloading





















     (§11.5).
     To explore the toString() method in the Object class (§11.6).















































    













































    To



















     discover polymorphism and dynamic binding (§§11.7–11.8).















































    













































    




















     To





















     describe casting and explain why explicit downcasting is necessary (§11.9).
     To explore the equals method in the Object class (§11.10).















































    













































    To store, retrieve, and manipulate objects in an ArrayList (§11.11).



































































    













































    




















     To implement a Stack class using ArrayList (§11.12).






















     To enable data and methods in a superclass accessible from subclasses using















































    













































    the



































































    













































    




















    protected visibility modifier (§11.13).





































































    













































    



































































    













































    




















     To prevent class extending and method overriding using the final modifier






































































    













































    



















     (§11.14).















































    













































    



























































































    













































    



































































    













































    










































     Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    30
    rights reserved.

    Superclasses and Subclasses
    GeometricObject
    -color: String The color of the object (default: white).
    -filled: boolean Indicates whether the object is filled with a color (default: false).
    -dateCreated: java.util.Date The date when the object was created.
    +GeometricObject() Creates a GeometricObject.
    +GeometricObject(color: String, Creates a GeometricObject with the specified color and filled
    filled: boolean) values.
    +getColor(): String Returns the color.
    +setColor(color: String): void Sets a new color. GeometricObject
    +isFilled(): boolean Returns the filled property.
    +setFilled(filled: boolean): void
    Sets a new filled property.
    +getDateCreated(): java.util.Date
    +toString(): String
    Returns the dateCreated. CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject
    Returns a string representation of this object.

    RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject
    Circle Rectangle
    -radius: double -width: double
    +Circle() -height: double
    +Circle(radius: double) +Rectangle()
    +Circle(radius: double, color: String, +Rectangle(width: double, height: double)
    filled: boolean) +Rectangle(width: double, height: double
    +getRadius(): double color: String, filled: boolean)
    +setRadius(radius: double): void +getWidth(): double
    TestCircleRectangle
    +getArea(): double +setWidth(width: double): void
    +getPerimeter(): double +getHeight(): double
    +getDiameter(): double
    +printCircle(): void
    +setHeight(height: double): void
    +getArea(): double Run
    +getPerimeter(): double

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 31
    Are superclass’s Constructor Inherited?
    No. They are not inherited.
    They are invoked explicitly or implicitly.
    Explicitly using the super keyword.
    A constructor is used to construct an instance of a class.
    Unlike properties and methods, a superclass's
    constructors are not inherited in the subclass. They can
    only be invoked from the subclasses' constructors, using
    the keyword super. If the keyword super is not explicitly
    used, the superclass's no-arg constructor is
    automatically invoked.
    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 32
    Superclass’s Constructor Is Always Invoked
    A constructor may invoke an overloaded constructor or its
    superclass’s constructor. If none of them is invoked
    explicitly, the compiler puts super() as the first statement
    in the constructor. For example,

    public A() { public A()


    is equivalent to
    } { super()
    ;
    }

    public A(double d) { public A(double d) {


    // some statements is equivalent to
    super();
    } // some statements
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 33
    Using the Keyword super
    The keyword super refers to the
    superclass of the class in which super
    appears. This keyword can be used in two
    ways:

    

    

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 34
    CAUTION

    You must use the keyword super to call the


    superclass constructor. Invoking a
    superclass constructor’s name in a subclass
    causes a syntax error. Java requires that
    the statement that uses the keyword super
    appear first in the constructor.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 35
    Constructor Chaining
    Constructing an instance of a class invokes all the superclasses’ constructors along
    the inheritance chain. This is known as constructor chaining.
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    args) {
    new Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg
    constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person
    { public
    } Person() { Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 36
    System.out.printl
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee {
    public static void main(String[] args) { 1. Start from the
    new Faculty();
    } main method
    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person
    { public
    Person() {
    System.out.printl
    n("(1) Person's
    no-arg
    constructor Liang,
    is Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 37
    invoked");
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[] 2. Invoke Faculty
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    } constructor
    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person
    { public
    Person() {
    System.out.printl
    n("(1) Person's
    no-arg
    constructor Liang,
    is Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 38
    invoked");
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    } 3. Invoke Employee’s no-
    arg constructor
    class Employee extends Person {
    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person
    { public
    Person() {
    System.out.printl
    n("(1) Person's
    no-arg
    constructor Liang,
    is Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All 39
    rights reserved.
    invoked");
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }
    4. Invoke Employee(String)
    class Employee extends Person { constructor
    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person {
    public Person() {
    System.out.println("(1) Person's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 40
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    } 5. Invoke Person()
    constructor
    class Person {
    public Person() {
    System.out.println("(1) Person's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 41
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }
    6. Execute println
    class Person {
    public Person() {
    System.out.println("(1) Person's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 42
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }
    7. Execute println
    class Person {
    public Person() {
    System.out.println("(1) Person's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 43
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    class Employee extends Person {


    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }
    8. Execute println
    class Person
    { public
    Person() {
    System.out.printl
    n("(1) Person's
    no-arg
    constructor Liang,
    is Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All 44
    rights reserved.
    invoked");
    animation
    Trace Execution
    public class Faculty extends Employee
    { public static void main(String[]
    new {
    args) Faculty();
    }

    public Faculty() {
    System.out.println("(4) Faculty's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }
    }
    9. Execute println
    class Employee extends Person {
    public Employee() {
    this("(2) Invoke Employee’s overloaded constructor");
    System.out.println("(3) Employee's no-arg constructor is invoked");
    }

    public Employee(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    }
    }

    class Person
    { public
    Person() {
    System.out.printl
    n("(1) Person's
    no-arg
    constructor Liang,
    is Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All 45
    rights reserved.
    invoked");
    Example on the Impact of a Superclass without no-arg
    Constructor

    Find out the errors in the program:


    public class Apple extends Fruit {
    }

    class Fruit {
    public Fruit(String name) {
    System.out.println("Fruit's constructor is invoked");
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 46
    Defining a Subclass
    A subclass inherits from a superclass. You can also:
    

    

    

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 47
    Calling Superclass Methods
    You could rewrite the printCircle() method in the Circle class as
    follows:

    public void printCircle()


    { System.out.println("The circle is created
    "+
    super.getDateCreated() + " and the radius is
    " + radius);
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 48
    Overriding Methods in the Superclass
    A subclass inherits methods from a superclass. Sometimes it is
    necessary for the subclass to modify the implementation of a method
    defined in the superclass. This is referred to as method overriding.

    public class Circle extends GeometricObject {


    // Other methods are omitted

    /** Override the toString method defined in GeometricObject */


    public String toString() {
    return super.toString() + "\nradius is " + radius;
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 49
    NOTE

    An instance method can be overridden only


    if it is accessible. Thus a private method
    cannot be overridden, because it is not
    accessible outside its own class. If a method
    defined in a subclass is private in its
    superclass, the two methods are completely
    unrelated.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 50
    NOTE

    Like an instance method, a static method can


    be inherited. However, a static method
    cannot be overridden. If a static method
    defined in the superclass is redefined in a
    subclass, the method defined in the
    superclass is hidden.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 51
    Overriding vs. Overloading
    p u b l i c c l a s s T e s t { p u b l i c c l a s s T e s t {
    p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d a r g s p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d a r g
    m a i n ( S t r i n g [ ] A a ) { m a i n ( S t r i n g [ ] A a s ) {
    = n e w A ( ) ; = n e w A ( ) ;
    a . p ( 1 0 ) ; a . p ( 1 0 ) ;
    a . p ( 1 0 . 0 ) ; a . p ( 1 0 . 0 ) ;
    } }
    } }
    c l a s s B {
    c l a s s B { p u b l i c v o i d p ( d o u b l e i )
    p u b l i c v o i d p ( d o u b l {
    e i ) { S y s t e m . o u t . p r i n t l n
    S y s t e m . o u t . p r i n t ( i * 2 ) ;
    l n ( i * 2 ) ; }
    } }
    }
    c l a s s A e x t e n d s B {
    c l a s s A e x t e n d s B { / / T h i s m e t h o d o v e r l o a d
    / / T h i s m e t h o d o v e r r s t h e m e t h o d i n B
    i d e s t h e m e t h o d i n B p u b l i c v o i d p ( i n t i ) {
    p u b l i c v o i d p ( d o u b l S y s t e m . o u t . p r i n t l n
    e i ) { ( i ) ;
    S y s t e m . o u t . p r i n t }
    l n ( i ) ; }
    }
    }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 52
    The Object Class and Its Methods
    Every class in Java is descended from the
    java.lang.Object class. If no inheritance is
    specified when a class is defined, the
    superclass of the class is Object.

    public class Circle { public class Circle extends Object {


    ... Equivalent
    ...
    } }

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 53
    The toString() method in Object
    The toString() method returns a string representation of the
    object. The default implementation returns a string consisting
    of a class name of which the object is an instance, the at sign
    (@), and a number representing this object.

    Loan loan = new Loan();


    System.out.println(loan.toString());

    The code displays something like Loan@15037e5 . This


    message is not very helpful or informative. Usually you should
    override the toString method so that it returns a digestible string
    representation of the object.

    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 54
    Assignment – ass7
    • 11.3 (Subclasses of Account) In Exercise 8.7,
    the Account class was defined to model a bank
    account. An account has the properties
    account number, balance, annual interest rate,
    and date created, and methods to deposit and
    withdraw funds. Create two subclasses for
    checking and saving accounts. A checking
    account has an over- draft limit, but a savings
    account cannot be overdrawn.
    • Draw the UML diagram for the classes.
    Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
    rights reserved. 55
    BONUS
    •
    ASSIGNMENT
    Complete the implementation of the Person, Employee, Faculty classes in slides
    10:19, such that:
    – All classes has no-arg constructors, and overloaded constructors to initialise the attributes
    of all inherited levels.
    – All classes have setters and getters methods for all their attributes.
    – All classes have toString method and equals methods overridden.
    – The Person class has the following attributes:






































































































































    






















































































































     A public String data field named FirstName

    A public String data field named LastName






































































































































    























































































































    – The
     Employee class has the following attributes:







































































































































    






















































































































     A private double data field named Salary

    A private int data field named JobGrade that defines the grade of the employee, for






































































































































    




















































































































     example Admin has grade 3, Lecturer has grade 2, TA has grade 1.


    – The Faculty class has the following attributes:








































































































































    






















































































































     A public String Array data field named SpecialisationAreas

    A public int Array of named specPubCount for publications count in each specialisation






































































































































    




















































































































     area.


    – Develop a test program to define 3 admin employees, and 2 faculty staff objects, and
    initalisLeai nagl,lInatrtotdruicbtiuontetosJawvaitPhrogsraammmpni lge, TdenathtaEdotifony,
    56
    (oc)u2r01c5hPoeiacrseonaEndducaptironn i ,Itnct.hrights reserved.
    Ael ir contents.

    You might also like