Microstructure & Performance of

Joints in High Temperature Alloys

Microstructure & Performance
of Joints in Superalloys
www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans
Diffusion Bonding
Pure aluminium
Minimal gallium

Shirzadi, Saindrenan & Wallach, 2003

 Diffusion Bonding of Gallium
-Treated Superalloy Surfaces

3-10 MPa pressure

900-1250 oC
1h
10-7 bar
1 mg cm-2 gallium
 100 µm

Co-23Cr-10 Ni-7W Shirzadi &

0.2Ti-0.6C-0.5Zr wt% Wallach
 50 µm

Ni-15Cr-10Co-9.5Mo
Shirzadi &
4.2Al-3.6Ti-0.006B wt% Wallach
Superalloy Cr Co Mo W Al Ti B C Si Zr Others

Inconel 718 18.3 0.1 2.85 0.5 0.92 0.003 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.08Mn, 0.0004S
Inconel 738 16 8.5 1.75 2.6 3.4 3.4 0.01 0.17 0.1 1.75Ta, 0.9Nb
C1023 15 10 8.5 4.2 3.6 0.006
DSR142 8.3 13 1.5 6 3.4 7Ta, 1.8Hf
PWA647 23 Bal. 0 0 0.2 0 0.6 0 0.5 10Ni, 7W, 3.5 Ta
Directionally solidified
nickel superalloy

Single-crystal nickel
superalloy

Shirzadi & Wallach

Bonding completed in 1 hour Shirzadi & Wallach
 Single-Crystal Repair

Melt shallow layer of SX substrate using laser.

Feed melt pool with alloy powder.
Epitaxial columnar growth.
Repeat to build thicker layers.

Kurz
Single-Crystal Repair

Kurz
Kurz
Single-Crystal Surface Engineering

Lowering Cr improves properties.

Polycrystalline coatings such as
NiCrAlY.
Ni is anisotropic.
 Sieborger et al.

E100 = 125 GPa E111 = 310 GPa

Dendrites grow
along <100>.
Variant selected
is closest to heat
flux.

Kurz
high aluminium MCrAlY
primary 

low aluminium MCrAlY

primary 
MCrAlY

CMSX-4
Transient liquid-phase bonding
 Al-Li

TLP

TG-TLP

Shirzadi &
Wallach, 1999
 TG-TLP
Alloy 6082

Large gradient

Small gradient

Shirzadi & Wallach, 1999

 Inertia Welding Process

No liquid phase
Can join dissimilar metals
Powder metallurgical alloy
RR1000
Residual stress
Baxter, Preuss, Withers
Rolls-Royce
Nottingham
 Mechanically
Alloyed
Oxide Dispersion
Strengthened Metals
Fine dispersion of
yttria particles
 screw
shoulder

termination
2D Mixing Animation

Colegrove & Shercliff, 2002

Microstructure & Performance
of Joints in Superalloys
www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans