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Examining The Internal Environment: Resources, Capabilities, and Activities
Examining The Internal Environment: Resources, Capabilities, and Activities
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COMPARATIVE INDUSTRY REFORMANCE
ROA
Semiconductor Global Auto ROS
Grocery Store
How do
such differences in
profitability
materialize?
3
RESOURCES, CAPABILITIES, AND MANAGERIAL DECISIONS
Resources
Managers
Competitive
Strategy advantage/ Performance
disadvantage
Management
strategic decision
making
Capabilities
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RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES: FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING
BLOCKS OF STRATEGY
Strategy
lities
Resour Capabi cies)
ce ten
s (compe
The inputs that firms use to create goods A firm’s skill in using its resources
and services to create goods and services.
• Undifferentiated or firms-specific The combination of procedures
• Tangible or intangible and expertise that the firm relies
• Easy to acquire or difficult on to engage in distinct activities
in the process of producing goods and
services
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TRUST AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCE
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KNOWLEDGE
Explicit (easy
competitive
Knowledge as
intelligence)
a resource
Tacit (more
valuable)
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EXAMPLES OF CAPABILITIES
Generating new ideas then turning those 30 percent of revenue from products
ideas into new, profitable products introduced within the past four years
Valuable? Does the resource or capability allow the If so, it satisfies the value requirement. Valuable resources and capabilities
firm to meet a market demand or protect Valuable resources are needed just to convey the potential to achieve “normal
the firm from market uncertainties? compete in the industry, but value by profits” (i.e., profits which cover the cost
itself does not convey an advantage of all inputs including the cost of capital)
Rare? Assuming the resource or capability is Valuable resources which are also rare A temporary competitive advantage
valuable, is it scarce relative to demand? convey a competitive advantage, but its conveys the potential to achieve above
Or, is it widely possessed by most relative permanence is not assured. normal profits, at least until the
competitors? The advantage is likely only temporary. competitive advantage is nullified by other
firms
Inimitable Assuming a valuable and rare resource, Valuable resources and capabilities A sustained competitive advantage
and non- how difficult is it for competitors to either which are difficult to imitate or substitute conveys the potential to achieve above
substitut- imitate the resource or capability or provide the potential for sustained normal profits for extended periods of time
able? substitute for it with other resources and competitive advantage (until competitors eventually find ways to
capabilities that accomplish similar imitate or substitute or the environment
benefits? changes in ways that nullify the value of
the resources)
Exploit- For each step of the preceding steps Resources and capabilities that Firms which control unexploited VRINE
able? of the VRINE test, can the firm actually satisfy the VRINE requirements but resources and capabilities generally
exploit the resources and capabilities that itwhich the firm is unable to exploit suffer from lower levels of financial
owns or controls? actually result in significant opportu- performance and depressed market
nity costs (other firms would likely valuations relative to what they would
pay large sums to purchase the otherwise enjoy (though not as
VRINE resources and capabilities). depressed as firms lacking resources and
Alternatively, exploitability unlocks capabilities which do satisfy VRINE)
the potential competitive and perfor-
mance implications of the resource
or capability
9
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability:
Just having a
Durability
competitive
advantage is not
Imitability
enough. Can it
be sustained?
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TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ADVANTAGES
Intangible Tangible
+ =
High traffic
Brand + real-estate
= McDonald’s
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HOW WOULD YOU DO THAT?
Do patents on Zoloft ®
Valuable?
provide value?
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DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES
People
Brand Value
Location
Processes
Dynamic capability: Mail boxes, etc.,
how we integrate recon- has developed the
figure, acquire, or divest ability to combine
resources for competitive resources better
advantage? than the
competition
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VALUE CHAIN: INTERNET STARTUP EXAMPLE
Primary Activities
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GUIDELEINES FOR OUTSOURCING
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USING VALUE CHAINS TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Identical Differentiated
Find a different
Longer-lasting
way to perform
advantage
activities
Shorter-term
Find a better way to
advantage
perform the same
(competitors
activities
catch up)
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TRADE OFF PROTECTION YOUR RIVALS CHOOSE NOT TO COPY YOU
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INNOVATION AND INTEGRATION OF THE VALUE CHAIN
Area of innovation
As
So se De
u rc m l iv
e bl er
e
IKEA Transferred assembly and delivery
to the consumer
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STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP
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