Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3
NEUROSENSORY DISORDERS
MIKROBIOLOGI
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
• STRUKTUR UTAMA
• TULANG KEPALA
• LCS
• SAWAR DARAH OTAK
• Immunologically privileged site
Late in the 19th century, by German studies in which dyes were injected into the
body resulted in the staining of all the organs of the body with the important
exception of the brain. Conversely, when the CSF was injected with dyes, only
the brain was stained. These remarkable results were the first evidence of an
important feature of anatomy: the blood–brain barrier. Certain capillaries
permit some substances to pass from the blood into the brain but restrict others.
BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER
• to minimize passage of infectious agents and
potentially toxic metabolites into the cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) and tissues
BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER
Some of the most devastating infectious diseases are those that affect the nervous
system, especially the brain and spinal cord.
Damage to these areas can lead to deafness, blindness, learning disabilities,
paralysis, and death.
Because of the crucial importance of the nervous system, it is strongly protected
from accident and infection by bone and other structures.
Even pathogens that are circulating in the bloodstream usually cannot enter the brain
and spinal cord because of the blood–brain barrier.
Occasionally, some trauma will disrupt these defenses with serious consequences.
The fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) of the central nervous system is especially vulnerable
because it lacks many of the defenses found in the blood.
INFECTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Penyebaran infeksi:
• Langsung (sinus, nasofaring, telinga dalam dalam)
• Hematogen
• Perkontinuitatum: fraktur cranial
MENINGITIS BAKTERIALIS
• Penyebab (80%) :Haemophyllus influenza tipe B (Hib), Neisseria
meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumonia
• Gambaran klinik Trias Klasik Meningisme:
• Nyeri kepala
• Fotofobia
• Kaku leher (kaku kuduk) Kernig (+), Brudzinski (+)
• Gambaran klinik meningitis bakterialis:
• Demam
• Kaku leher
• Disfungsi serebral (delirium, kebingungan, penurunan
kesadaran)
MENINGITIS BAKTERIALIS
FAKTOR
ORGANISME
RESIKO
KEHAMILAN Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, basil
DIABETES
Gram negatif
ALKOHOLISME Streptococcus pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes
Pasien antibiotika
Dewasa :
Seftriakson : 2 gram iv q 12h, max 4 gr/hr
Sefotaksim : 2 gram iv / hari q 4 – 6 h. Max 12 gr/hari
Vankomisin : 1 gram iv q 12 h
Ampisilin : 2 gram iv q 4h. Max 12 gr/hari
KOMPLIKASI
• Isoniazid
• Rifampicine Primary drugs
• Pyrazinamide
• Ethambuthol
• Streptomycine Secondary drug
• ethinonamide
• Quinolone Tertiary drug
PROGNOSIS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
II atau III 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 Total 4 Total 3 Total 2 Total 1
mg/kgbb/ mg/kgbb/ mg/kgbb/ mg/kgbb/ mg/hari mg/hari mg/hari mg/hari
hari i.v hari i.v hari i.v hari i.v p.o p.o p.o p.o
MENINGITIS
VIRAL
MENINGITIS VIRAL
• Etiologi:
• Enterovirus (85-95%)
• Ekovirus
• Virus coxsackie
• Virus mumps
• HSV-1 dan HSV-2
• VZV
• HIV mengenai ps usia subur dengan meningitis aseptik
• CMV, EBV, HHV 6 dan 7-> pd ps imunokompromised
MENINGITIS VIRAL
1. CSS :
• A. Gambaran lebih ringan daripada m. Purulenta
• B. Predominan : MN, kecuali jika LP dilakukan pada 6 – 24 jam pertama
infeksi virus
• C. Glukosa umumnya normal (2/3 GDS)
• D. Proetin sering normal
• E. Kultur virus , PCR : virus penyebab (+)
Glukosa mg/dL < 40 atau kurang dari < 40 atau kurang dari > 40 <40 atau rasio glukosa
30% GDS 30% GDS CSS:GDS <50%
Hasil positif pada > 90 % 65 % Tidak ada Hasil (+) sangat sulit
kultur bakteri dan kultur lama
ENSEFALITIS
Ensefalitis : proses inflamasi parenkim otak
• E. Akut : terjadi dalam beberapa hari
• E.kronis : mulai bbrp minggu hingga bbrp bulan
PATOGENESIS
• Amerika : West nile, La Cross, Rocio, ensefalitis Powassan, virus Colorado tick
fever
•Eropa/Timur tengah : Ensefalitis tick-borne, Tosana, virus louping ill
•Afrika : Weat Nile 9virus demam Rift Valley, demam hemoragik Crimean-Congo
dengue
•Asia : Japanese ensefalitis, West Nile, dengue, rabies (virus Chikungunya, virus
Nipah)
•Australia : Murray Valley, Japanese ensefalitis (kunjin, dengue)
• Gejala klinis ensefalitis virus akibat :
• 1. efek langsung virus kerusakan parenkim dan
sel saraf di otak. beberapa virus merusak pembuluh
darah vaskulitis
• 2. reaksi inflamasi yang disebabkan respon
imunologis tubuh terhadap masuknya zat asing ke
dalam tubuh (virus)
Laboratorium darah :
• Limfositosis relatif di darah perifer
• Leukopenia, trombopenia inf.virus hemoragis
• hipoNatremi akibat SIADH
• Peningkatan kadar amilase serum pada mumps
• Tahapan:
• Inflamasi serebrum supuratif terlokalisir enkapsulasi total
ABSES SEREBRAL
• Port’entry:
• Penyebaran fokal
• Hematogen
• Proses inokulasi langsusng melalui trauma/tindakan bedah saraf
• Infeksi:
• Otitis media/mastoiditis
• Sinusitis
• Endokarditis bakterialis
• Sepsis dental
• Infeksi paru kronis
• Peny,jantung kongenital
• Trauam/tindakan bedah
• Pasien imunokompromised
ABSES SEREBRAL
• e/ px imonokompromised:
• Toxoplasma
• Aspergillus sp
• Candida sp
• Listeria sp
• Cryptococcus
ABSES SEREBRAL
• Klinis
• Onset cepat (< 1 bulan) dan progresif
• Gejala dg gambaran lesi desak ruang + TTIK yaitu:
• Nyeri kepala
• Muntah
• Penurunan kesadaran
• Papiledema
• Kejang (30%)
• Defisit neurologis fokal (tergantung lokasi abses)
• Infeksi sistemik demam, malaise
• Infeksi fokal: batuk, nyeri telinga
• Imunokompromised: tanda infeksi sistemik/fokal tidak ada
DIAGNOSIS
Pencegahan/pengendalian:
• Vaksin Haemophyllus influenza tipe b/Hib.
• Haemophyllus yg tdk berkapsul ada dimana-mana, px dgn predisposisi tdk
dpt menghindar dr infeksi ini
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
• Gram-positive rod
• facultative anaerobic bacterium
• do not produce endospores
• the disease appears in two basic forms: in infected
adults and as an infection of the fetus and newborn.
• In adult humans, it is usually a mild, often symptomless
disease, but the microbe sometimes invades the CNS,
causing meningitis.
• Risk to persons whose immune system is compromised,
such as persons with cancer, diabetes, or AIDS, or who
are taking immunosuppressive medications.
• invades the bloodstream and causes a
wide range of disease conditions,
especially sepsis. Recovering or
apparently healthy individuals often
shed the pathogen indefinitely in
their feces.
• An important factor in its virulence is
that when L. monocytogenes is
ingested by phagocytic cells, it is not
destroyed; it even proliferates within
them, primarily in the liver. It also
has the unusual capability of moving
directly from one phagocyte to an
adjacent one
• when it infects a pregnant woman. She
usually suffers no more than mild, flulike
symptoms.
• The fetus, however, can be infected via the
placenta, often resulting in an abortion or
stillborn infant.
• In some cases the disease is not manifested
until a few weeks after birth, usually as
meningitis, which can result in significant
brain injury or death.
• The infant mortality rate associated with this
type of infection is about 60%.
• Diagnosis in humans depends on isolating
and culturing the pathogen, usually from
blood or cerebrospinal fluid.
• Penicillin G is the antibiotic of choice for
treatment.
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
Kingdom Eubacteria
Phylum Firmicutes
Class Clostridia
Ordo Clostridiales
Family Clostridiaceae
Genus Clostridium
Species C. tetani
CHARACTERISTICS
• Gram-positive rod
• obligately anaerobic
• endospore-forming “drum stick”
• found in soil and many aquatic sediments
• flagela peritrichous.
PATOFISIOLOGI
• Gangguan otonom
• Pada tetanus derajat berat
• Simpatis meningkat : takikardi > 150x/mnt, keringat berlebih, TD sistolik dan diastolik
meningkat, aritmia supraventrikuler transien
• Parasimpatis meningkat : salivasi berlebih, tonus vagal meningkat yang berefek pada
kardiovaskuler
PEMBAGIAN TETANUS
(KLINIS)
• Tetanus lokal
• Spasme lokal yang nyeri di sekitar luka
• Tetanus sefalik
• Tetanus lokal yang mengenai otot yang dipersarafi N.kranial. Berupa parese fasial, disfagia
• Tetanus neonatorum
• Akibat proses pemotongan tali pusat tidak steril
• Muncul pada minggu kedua setelah lahir : kelemahan, ketidakmampuan menghisap, spasme,
kekakuan
• Kriteria 1 : trismus
• Kriteria 2 : spasme
• Kriteria 3 : masa inkubasi 7 hari atau kurang
• Kriteria 4 : periode onset 48 jam atau kurang
• Kriteria 5 : kenaikan suhu rektal sampai 100 F atau suhu
aksila sampai 99 F ( 37,6 C) pada saat < 24 jam SMRS
Berdasarkan kriteria diatas, dibuat gradasi penyakit untuk menilai
berat ringannya penyakit :
• 3. perawatan luka
• Dilakukan debridement,
• ada abses : insisi,drainase
• 4. penggunaan obat sedativa dan pelemas otot
• Diazepam : 0,5 – 1 mg/kgbb iv (dewasa)
• MgSO4 : dosis awal 70 mg/kgbb selama 30 menit dilanjutkan dengan maintenance
2 gr/jam (usia < 60 tah) atau 1 gr/jam (usia > 60 th). Bila spasem terkontrol
dosis dikurangi 0,25 gr/jam hingga tercapai dosis efektif minimum
• 5. Trakeostomi
• Dilakukan pada tetanus grade III atau lebih berat
• Pada grade II : lebih baik untuk memudahkan pengisapan sekret, mencegah
spasme larling mendadak berkepanjangan
• Imunisasi aktif
• anak-anak sejak dini
• Ibu hamil : trimester kedua atau ketiga
• Imunisasi setelah mengalami luka
• Luka minor, tidak terinfeksi : TT 0,5 cc
• Luka mayor, terinfeksi : TT 0,5 cc, dengan booster +
ATS 5000 U
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM (BOTULISM)
Kingdom Eubacteria
Phylum Firmicutes
Class Clostridia
Ordo Clostridiales
Family Clostridiaceae
Genus Clostridium
Species C. botulinum
CHARACTERISTICS
• Gram-positive rod
• obligately anaerobic
• endospore-forming “drum
stick”
• flagela peritrichous.
• Individuals suffering from botulism undergo a progressive flaccid
paralysis for 1 to 10 days and may die from respiratory and cardiac
failure.
• Nausea, but no fever, may precede the neurological symptoms.
• The initial neurological symptoms vary, but nearly all sufferers have
double or blurred vision.
• Other symptoms include difficulty swallowing and general weakness.
• Incubation time varies, but symptoms typically appear within a day or
two.
• As with tetanus, recovery from the disease does not confer immunity
because the toxin is usually not present in amounts large enough to be
effectively immunogenic.
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPROSY
• intracellular, pleomorphic, acid-
fast, pathogenic bacterium
• a microaerophilic
• rod-shaped, waxy coating
• 1–8 μm in length and 0.2–0.5 μm in
diameter.
• It attacks the nerves of the hands,
feet and face.
• If left untreated can take away the
ability to move fingers, toes and
eyelids.
• It can also destroy the ability to
feel pain so those affected are
prone to injuries and burns.
• The longer the disease is left
undetected, the more likely it is
that the deformities, so often
associated with leprosy, will occur.
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
PENYEBARAN
• Dpt terjadi secara epidemis di daerah yg pddk nya padat.
• Dpt tersebar melalui cairan hidung atau mulut.
• Neissria intrasellularis msk ke nasopharynx dan menyebabkan
peradangan. Kuman msk ke aliran darah dan menuju ke meningen.
PATOGENESIS
1. Gerakan menggelombang(undulasi)
2. Gerakan seperti pembuka botol(Cork-Screw)
3. Gerakan maju mundur.
RESISTENSI :
• Treponema pallidum cpt mati, bila kena oksigen di udara luar.
• Tdk tahan dlm keadaan kering dgn suhu 39 C, dan mati dlm
wkt 5 jam pd suhu 41C dalam 2 jam.
• Dlm lemari es mati dlm wkt 24 jam
• Tdk tahan thd garam-garam Arsen, bismut dan Mercuri
• Peka thd penisillin dan mati dgn sabun/desinfektan.
TRANSMISI
• Akuisita (didapat)
• Stadium awal
• Primer
• Sekunder
• Awal laten (<2 tahun)
• Stadium lanjut
• Lanjut laten (>2 tahun)
• Tersier (gumatosa, kardiovaskular, neurologis)
• Kongenital
NEUROSIFILIS
• Meningovaskular
• e/: arteritis fokal (infark/inflamasi meningeal); meningitis fokal (gumma meluas (+),kejang
(+), TTIK (+), tanda fokal(+)); meningitis basalis akut dg hidrosefalus kelumpuhan
N.cranialis, papilledema; meningitis meningovascular (endarteritis
obliterative&periarteritis, klinis seperti strok,srg pd usia muda)
• Tabes dorsalis
• Manifestasi lanjut sifilis, menyababkan meningoradikulitis kolumna dorsalis
• Paralisis generalis
• Abnormalitas psikiatri dan kelemahan
DIAGNOSA LABORATORIUM :
3. Serologis
1. Enzim treponemal (EIA) IgG atau IgM
2. Hemaglutinasi T.pallidum (TPHA)
3. Partikel aglutinasi T.pallidum (TPPA)
4. Fuoresensi absorban ab treponema
5. VDRL/RPR (+) pd CSS mrp nilai diagnosis neurosifilis
TATALAKSANA
PENDAHULUAN
• Termasuk kelompok virus entero.
• Pada manusia tipe: 1-3
• Infeksi akut menyerang SSP
• Perusakan neuron motor pd sumsum tulang belakang
SIFAT-SIFAT VIRUS
• Manifes:
1. Infeksi tidak nyata, tanpa gejala
2. Penyakit ringan
3. Meningitis aseptik
4. Poliomielitis paralitik
KEKEBALAN
glukosa N
• B. Biakan sel: apusan tenggorokan, swab rectum, tinja (>>
2 mg pertama)
• C. Serologi : awal infeksi Ab H, 1-2 miggu kemudian Ab H
dan N
EPIDEMIOLOGI
• Di seluruh dunia
• Anak2 lebih peka
• Sosek rendah relatif kebal
• Pencegahan: vaksin oral
• Reaksi silang dengan virus entero lain kekebalan gagal
dibentuk
• Vaksin saat hamil?
RABIES
• Rabies (the word is from the Latin for rage or madness) is a disease that almost
always results in fatal encephalitis.
• The causative agent is the rabies virus, a member of the genus lyssavirus having a
characteristic bullet shape
• Lyssaviruses (lyssa, from the Greek for frenzy) are single-stranded RNA viruses with no
proofreading capability, and mutant strains develop rapidly.
• Worldwide, humans usually are infected with the rabies virus from the bite of an infected
animal—especially dogs. The virus proliferates in the PNS and moves, fatally, toward the
CNS
• In the United States, the most common cause of rabies is a variant of the virus found in
silver-haired bats. (Domestic animals have a high rate of vaccination.)
• This virus has made a unique adaptation and can replicate in human epidermal cells and
then penetrate to enter a peripheral nerve. Therefore, a lethal dose of the virus can be
administered by contact with the unbroken skin.
• Because deaths from rabies are frequently misdiagnosed, several cases of rabies have
been traced to transplanted body tissues, especially corneas.
MORFOLOGI
Famili Rhabdoviridae
Genus Lyssavirus
Spesies Rabies virus
• Tipe A da B
• A: penyakit tangan, kaki dan mulut; konjungtivitis
hemoragik
• B: miokarditis, perikarditis, meningoensefalitis
SIFAT VIRUS
• Virus entero
• Diameter: 28 nm
• Kelompok A : tumbuh pd amnion dan fibroblast paru
embrio manusia
• Kel A: 23 tipe
• Kel B: 6 tipe
PATOGENESIS
Variatif
Berupa:
• Ukuran 24-30 nm
• Media : sel ginjal monyet, amnion manusia
• Tidak dipengaruhi neuraminidase
• ECHO-9 mirip dengan virus coxsackie
• Serotipe :31
GAMBARAN KLINIK
• Diseluruh dunia
• Anak2> orang tua
• Inf > pd musim panas dan gugur
• Pencegahan: menghindari ps demam dan ruam
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
MALARIA SEREBRAL
• There are two species of protozoa that cause amebic meningoencephalitis, a devastating disease
of the nervous system.
• These protozoa are both found in recreational freshwater. Human exposure to them is apparently
widespread; many in the population carry antibodies—fortunately, symptomatic disease is rare.
• Naegleria fowleri is a protozoan (ameba) that causes a neurological disease, primary amebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM)
• Although scattered cases are reported in most parts of the world, only a few cases are reported in
the United States annually.
• The most common victims are children who swim in warm ponds or streams.
• The organism initially infects the nasal mucosa and later penetrates to the brain and proliferates,
feeding on brain tissue. The fatality rate is nearly 100%, death occurring within a few days after
symptoms appear.
• Because of the rarity of the disease, there is a low “index of suspicion”; also, the symptoms
resemble those of encephalitis caused by other, more common, pathogens. Diagnosis is typically
made at autopsy.
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
• The very few known survivors had been treated with the antifungal drug
amphotericin B. A similar neurological disease is granulomatous amebic
encephalitis (GAE). GAE is caused by a species of Acanthamoeba, but not the
same one that causes Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious disease affecting the eyes.
• It is chronic, slowly progressive, and fatal in a matter of weeks or months. GAE has
an unknown incubation period, and months may elapse before symptoms appear.
• Granulomas (see Figure 23.29, page 675) form around the organism in response to
an immune reaction.
• The portal of entry is not known but is probably mucous membranes. Multiple
lesions are formed in the brain and other organs, especially the lungs.
• It is probable that many cases of GAE ascribed to Acanthamoeba were actually
caused by another, similar protozoan, Balamuthia mandrillaris, which was first
reported in a mandrill baboon in 1989.
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
PENYAKIT CREUTZFELDT-JACOB
(CJD)
• CJD merupakan penyakit prion paling umum pada manusia
• Seluruh bentuk sporadic, familial, iatrogenic dan variasi
CJD luas
• Epidemiologi: 1: 1.000.000 populasi per tahun
• Awitan menyerang usia antara 57 dan 62 tahun
• Gambaran cardinal:
• Deteriorasi mental yg cepat dan progresif
• Mioklonus
PENYAKIT VARIAN
CREUTZFELDT-JACOB (VCJD)
• Varian CJD ditemuakan pertama kali tahun 1996
• vCJD terjadi transmisi bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) dari hewan ke manusia
• Penularan melalui ingesti dari produk daging yg terinfeksi.
• Terjadi pd usia muda, progresifitas lambat dbanding yg sporadik
• Gambaran klinik:
• Penurunan kognitif progresif
• Neuropsikiatrik yg jelas diikuti gg sensorik
PENYAKIT CREUTZFELDT-JACOB
IATROGENIK
• Terjadi keran adanya transplantasi cangkok dural,
transpalntasi korea, hati dan pengguanaan instrument bedah
yang terkontaminasi
• Masa inkubasi CJD iatrogenic diperkirakan 9-10 tahun
DIAGNOSIS
• Biopsi jaringan otak gold standar, namun tidak selalu perlu dilakukan
• Diagnosis probable CJD:
• Histopatologi IHK jaringan otak: perubahan spongioform, hilangnya sel neuron
tanpa inflamasi dan akumulasi protein prion abnormal
• EEG: sinkronisasi periodic dari kompleks bi-atau trifasik (67-95% pasien dg CJD
sporadic dan lebih sedikit pd vCJD)
• CSS: deteksi protein 14-3-3 pd CJD sporadic namun sensitivitas rendah
• MRI:
• CJD sporadik: aktivitas tinggi T2 dan FLAIR pd nucleus caudatus dan putamen
• vCJD: ditemukan sinyal tinggi pada pulvinar dan thalamus dorsomedial
• Diffusion weight imaging: perubahan kortikal (lebih sensitive)
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
Brain tissue with spongiform encephalopathy
Fig 22.18
PREVENTING PRION DISEASES
• Surgical instruments sterilized by
• NaOH
• + extended autoclaving at 134°C
Disease Caused by Unidentified Agents
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
• The medical community has long been puzzled by patients who complain of persistent fatigue
that prevents them from working and has no apparent cause.
• They often complain as well of multiple allergies.
• Called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), the debilitating condition continues for months or
years.
• For many years, the condition was dismissed as a complaint of people who were depressed or
simply complaining about trivial symptoms.
• Recent research on CFS, however, suggests that it is not “all in the mind” but rather is strongly
linked to the immune system and may also have a genetic component.
• There is now an alternative, more impressive name, myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). People
complaining of CFS often do not adapt well to daily stresses and do not respond strongly to
fight infections.
• CFS often begins with a flulike illness that seems never to go away.
• Some think that it is triggered by viral illnesses, such as infectious mononucleosis (caused by
the Epstein-Barr virus), Q fever, Lyme disease, and others.
Disease Caused by Unidentified Agents
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
• In 2010, there were reports that CFS patients are often infected with a retrovirus
termed XMRV. This is a member of a group of viruses called murine leukemia
virus–related viruses (MLV), which are known to cause neurological problems in
mice.
• However, other laboratories were unable to confirm this.
• The CDC has now developed a diagnostic definition for CFS: a persistent,
unexplained fatigue that lasts at least 6 months.
• The patient should also exhibit at least four of a list of symptoms including sore
throat, tender lymph nodes, muscle pain, pain in multiple joints, headaches,
unrefreshing sleep, malaise after exercise, and impaired short-term memory or
concentration.
• The condition is not uncommon in the United States; the prevalence is 0.52% in
women and 0.29% in men, totaling an estimated 800,000 to 2.5 million persons.
Terimakasih