Chapter Objectives

Chapter Objectives
 To determine the deflection and slope at specific points

on beams and shafts using the integration method,
discontinuity functions, and the method of
superposition.
 To use the method of superposition to solve for the
support reactions on a beam or shaft that is statically
indeterminate.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Elastic Curve
4. Integration Method
5. Use of discontinuity functions
6. Method of superposition
7. Statically indeterminate beams and shafts
8. Use of the method of superposition
9. Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) The slope angle θ in flexure equations is
a) Measured in degree
b) Measured in radian
c) Exactly equal to dv/dx
d) None of the above

READING QUIZ (cont)
2) The load must be limited to a magnitude so as

to not change significantly the original
geometry of the beam. This is the assumption
for:
a) The method of superposition
b) The moment area method
c) The method of integration
d) All of them

READING QUIZ (cont)
3) A statically indeterminate structure
a) is always a stable structure
b) has more number of unknown reactions than the available

number of equilibrium equations
c) is dynamically determinate
d) None of the above

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

ELASTIC CURVE
• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

passes through the centroid of each cross-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve, which is
characterized by the deflection and slope along the
curve

ELASTIC CURVE (cont)
• Moment-curvature relationship:
– Sign convention:

ELASTIC CURVE (cont)
• Consider a segment of width dx, the strain in are ds,

located at a position y from the neutral axis is ε = (ds’ –
ds)/ds. However, ds = dx = ρdθ and ds’ = (ρ-y) dθ, and
so ε = [(ρ – y) dθ – ρdθ ] / (ρdθ), or
1 

 y
• Comparing with the Hooke’s Law

ε = σ / E and the flexure formula
σ = -My/I
1 M 1 
 or 
 EI  Ey

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
• Kinematic relationship between radius of curvature ρ

and location x:
1 d 2 v dv 2

 
1   dv dx 
2
 32
• Then using the moment curvature equation, we have
M 1 d 2v dx 2 d 2v
   2

EI  1   dv dx  2  3/ 2
dx

(cont)
• Sign convention:

(cont)
• Boundary Conditions:
– The integration constants can be

determined by imposing the boundary
conditions, or
– Continuity condition at specific locations

EXAMPLE 1
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. 12–10a is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive direction, Fig.
12–10b, we have
M   Px
• Applying Eq. 12–10 and integrating twice yields
d 2v
EI 2   Px (1)
dx
dv Px 2
EI   C1 (2)
dx 2
Px 3
EIv    C1 x  C2 (1)
6

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• Using the boundary conditions dv/dx = 0 at x = L and v = 0 at x = L,
equations 2 and 3 become
PL2
0  C1
2
PL3
0  C1 L  C2
6
PL2 PL3
 C1  and C2  
2 3
• Substituting these results, we get

P 2
2 EI

L  x2 
v
P
6 EI

 x 3  3L2 x  2 L3  (Ans)

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),
PL2
A  (4)
2 EI
PL3
vA   (5)
3EI
• If this beam was designed without a factor of safety by assuming the
allowable normal stress is equal to the yield stress is 250 MPa; then a
W310 x 39 would be found to be adequate (I = 84.4(106)mm4)
30 5 1000 
2 2
A   0.0222 rad

2 200 84.4 10  
6
30 5 1000 
2 2
vA    74.1 mm

3 200 84.4 10   6

EXAMPLE 2
The simply supported beam shown in the below figure supports
the triangular distributed loading. Determine its maximum
deflection. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,
0 x  L/2
2 w0
• The equation for the distributed loading is w  x.
L
• Hence
w0 x 2  x  w0 L
  M NA  0; M    x  0
L 3 4
w0 x 2 w0 L
M   x
3L 4

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Integrating twice, we have
d 2v w wL
EI 2  M   0 x 3  0 x
dx 3L 4
dv w wL
EI   0 x 4  0 x 2  C1
dx 12 L 8
w wL
EIv   0 x 5  0 x 3  C1 x  C2
60 L 24
• For boundary condition, v  0, x  0 and dv dx  0, x  L 2
5w0 L3
C1   , C2  0
192

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Hence
w0 5 w0 L 3 5w0 L3
EIv   x  x  x
60 L 24 192
• For maximum deflection at x = L/2,
w0 L4
vmax  (Ans)
120 EI

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
• Macaulay functions

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
• Macaulay functions
n 0 for x  a
xa 
 x  a  n
for x  a
na
• Integration of Macaulay functions:
n 1
xa

n
x  a dx  C
n 1

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)
• Singularity Functions:
1 0 for x  a
w P xa 
 P for x  a
2 0 for x  a
w  M0 x  a 
M 0 for x  a

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)
• Note: Integration of these two singularity functions

yields results that are different from those of Macaulay
functions. Specifically,
n n 1
 x  a dx  x  a , n  1,2
• Examples of how to use discontinuity functions to

describe the loading or internal moment in a beam:

EXAMPLE 3
Determine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in Fig.
16–16a. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 16–16a. The boundary conditions
require zero displacement at A and B.
• The loading function for the beam can be written as
1 1
w  8 x  0  6 x  10

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Integrating, we have
0 0
V  8 x  0  6 x  10
• In a similar manner,
1 1
M  8 x  0  6 x  10

  8 x  6 x  10
1
 kN  m
• Integrating twice yields
d 2v 1
EI 2  8 x  x  10
dx
dv 2
EI  4 x  3 x  10  C1
2
dx
4 3 3
EIv   x  x  10  C1 x  C2 (1)
3
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• From Eq. 1, the boundary condition v = 0 at x = 10 m and at x = 30 m
gives
0  1333  10  10  C1 10  C2
3
0  36000   30  10  C1  30  C2

3
 C1  1333 and C2  12000

• Thus,
dv 2
EI  4 x  3 x  10  1333 (2)
2
dx
4 3 3
EIv   x  x  10  1333x  12000 (3)
3

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• To obtain the displacement of C, set x = 0 in Eq. 3.
12000
vC   kN  m 3 (Ans)
EI
• The negative sign indicates that the displacement is downward as shown
in Fig. 12–18a
• To locate point D, use Eq. 2 with x > 10 and dv/dx = 0,

2
0   x  3 xD  10  1333
2
D
xD2  60 xD  1633  0
Solving for the positive root, xD  20.3 m

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Hence, from Eq. 3,
4
EIv D    20.3   20.3  10   1333 20.3  12000
3 3
3
5006
vD  kN  m 3
EI
• Comparing this value with vC, we see that vmax = vC.

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilevered
beam shown in Fig. 16-17a. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
• The boundary conditions require zero slope and displacement at A.
• The support diagram reactions at A have been calculated by statics and

are shown on the free-body,
1 2 0 2 0
w  52 x  0  258 x  0  x0  50 x  5 8 x 5

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
• Since dV dx   w x  and dM dx  V
0 1 1 1 1
V  52 x  0  258 x  0  8 x  0  50 x  5  8 x  5
1
0
M  258 x  0  52 x  0 
1
 8 x  0 2  50 x  5 0  1  8 x  5 2
2 2
 0
 2
  258  52 x  4 x 2  50 x  5  4 x  5 kN  m
• Integrating twice, we have

d 2v 0 2
EI 2  258  52 x  4 x 2  50 x  5  4 x  5
dx
dv 4 1 4 3
EI  258x  26 x 2  x 3  50 x  5  x  5  C1
dx 3 3
26 3 1 4 2 1 4
EIv  129 x 2  x  x  25 x  5  x  5  C1 x  C2
3 3 3

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
• Since dv/dx = 0, x = 0, C1 = 0; and v = 0, C2 = 0. Thus
1  26 3 1 4 2 1 4
v   129 x  x  x  25 x  5  x  5  m (Ans)
2
EI  3 3 3 

METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
• Necessary conditions to be satisfied:

1. The load w(x) is linearly related to the deflection
v(x),
2. The load is assumed not to change significantly the
original geometry of the beam of shaft.
• Then, it is possible to find the slope and displacement

at a point on a beam subjected to several different
loadings by algebraically adding the effects of its
various component parts.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND
SHAFTS
• Definition:
A member of any type is classified statically

indeterminate if the number of unknown reactions
exceeds the available number of equilibrium equations,
e.g. a continuous beam having 4 supports

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND
SHAFTS (cont)
Strategy:
• The additional support reactions on the beam or shaft

that are not needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are
called redundants. It is first necessary to specify those
redundant from conditions of geometry known as
compatibility conditions.
• Once determined, the redundants are then applied to

the beam, and the remaining reactions are determined
from the equations of equilibrium.

USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
Procedures:
Elastic Curve
• Specify the unknown redundant forces or moments

that must be removed from the beam in order to make
it statically determinate and stable.
• Using the principle of superposition, draw the

statistically indeterminate beam and show it equal to a
sequence of corresponding statically determinate
beams.

(cont)
Procedures:
Elastic Curve (cont)
• The first of these beams, the primary beam, supports

the same external loads as the statistically
indeterminate beam, and each of the other beams
“added” to the primary beam shows the beam loaded
with a separate redundant force or moment.
• Sketch the deflection curve for each beam and indicate

the symbolically the displacement or slope at the point
of each redundant force or moment.

(cont)
Procedures:
Compatibility Equations
• Write a compatibility equation for the displacement or

slope at each point where there is a redundant force or
moment.
• Determine all the displacements or slopes using an

appropriate method as explained in Secs. 12.2 through
12.5.

(cont)
Procedures:
Compatibility Equations (cont)
• Substitute the results into the compatibility equations

and solve for the unknown redundant.
• If the numerical value for a redundant is positive, it has

the same sense of direction as originally assumed.
Similarly, a negative numerical value indicates the
redundant acts opposite to its assumed sense of
direction.

(cont)
Procedures:
Equilibrium Equations
• Once the redundant forces and/or

moments have been determined,
the remaining unknown reactions
can be found from the equations of
equilibrium applied to the loadings
shown on the beam’s free body
diagram.

EXAMPLE 5
Determine the reactions at the roller support B of the beam
shown in Fig. 16-27a, then draw the shear and moment
diagrams. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
• Taking positive displacement as downward, the compatibility equation at

B is
    0  vB  v'B (1)
• Displacements can be obtained from Appendix C.
wL4 5PL3 83.25 kN  m 3

vB    
8EI 48EI EI
v'B 
PL3


9 m3 By 

3EI EI

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
• Substituting into Eq. 1 and solving yields
83.25 9 B y
0 
EI EI
B y  9.25 kN

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The moment-curvature equation 1/ρ = M/EI is

applicable to
a) Statically determined member only
b) Beams having uniform cross-sections only
c) Beams having constant Young’s Modulus E only
d) Beams having varying moment of inertia I.

CONCEPT QUIZ
2) The flexure equations imply that
a) Slope and deflection at a point of a beam are independent
b) Moment and shear at a point of a beam are independent
c) Maximum moment occurs at the locations where the shear is zero
d) Maximum moment occurs at the inflection point.

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Chapter Objectives

 To determine the deflection and slope at specific points

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) The slope angle θ in flexure equations is

c) Exactly equal to dv/dx

d) None of the above

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2) The load must be limited to a magnitude so as

a) The method of superposition

b) The moment area method

c) The method of integration

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3) A statically indeterminate structure

a) is always a stable structure

b) has more number of unknown reactions than the available

d) None of the above

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Consider a segment of width dx, the strain in are ds,

• Comparing with the Hooke’s Law

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Kinematic relationship between radius of curvature ρ

• Then using the moment curvature equation, we have

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

– The integration constants can be

– Continuity condition at specific locations

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Substituting these results, we get

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• For boundary condition, v  0, x  0 and dv dx  0, x  L 2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• For maximum deflection at x = L/2,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Integration of Macaulay functions:

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Note: Integration of these two singularity functions

• Examples of how to use discontinuity functions to

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The loading function for the beam can be written as

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

0  36000   30  10  C1  30  C2

 C1  1333 and C2  12000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• To locate point D, use Eq. 2 with x > 10 and dv/dx = 0,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Comparing this value with vC, we see that vmax = vC.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The support diagram reactions at A have been calculated by statics and