PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM

UNIVERSITY

ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

MECHANICS

BASICS AND SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dr. Tejas Thaker

Head of the Department,
Civil Engineering,
School of Technology,
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University,
Raison, Gandhinagar, Gujrat, India 1
Why Civil?
 Civil engineering is a professional
Engineering discipline that deals with the
design, construction, and maintenance of
the public utility
Works.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING

• Civil engineering is a professional engineering

discipline that deals with the design, construction,
and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges,
canals, dams, and buildings.
 CONT..

• Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of

sub- disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering
discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to
distinguish non- military engineering from military
engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public
sector from municipal through to national governments,
and in the private sector from individual homeowners
through to international companies.
 HISTORY
• Until modern times there was no clear distinction between
civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer
and architect were mainly geographical variations referring
to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably.
• The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC)
were some of the first instances of large structure
constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering
constructions include the Qanat water management system
(the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,)
the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447–438 BC),
the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the
Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders
from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)
 HISTORY

• The Romans developed civil structures throughout

their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae,
harbors, bridges, dams and roads.
EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

A view of
pyramids the
from the plateau to
at Giza
the south of the
complex.
QANAT
PARTHENON, ATHENS GREECE
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

The Great Wall of

China at Jinshanling
CHICHEN ITZA

Chichen Itza was a large pre-

Columbian city in Mexico built by
the Maya people of the Post
Classic.
 HISTORY

• In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was

coined to incorporate all things civilian as
opposed to military
engineering. The first self-proclaimed
civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed
the Eddystone Lighthouse.
EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE

An aerial view of the

fourth lighthouse. (The
stub of the third
lighthouse is visible in
the background.)
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Civil engineering is the application of physical and
scientific principles for solving the problems of
society, and its history is intricately linked to
advances in understanding of physics and
mathematics throughout history. Because civil
engineering is a wide-ranging profession, including
several specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked
to knowledge of structures, materials science,
geography,
geology, soils, hydrology, environment,
mechanics and other fields.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING

• Throughout ancient and medieval history most

architectural design and construction was
carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and
carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.
Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom
supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and
infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and
increases in scale were incremental.
Civil Engineering is Everywhere
- Many Subdisciplines
DISCIPLINES & SCOPE OF CIVIL
ENGINERING
Environmental engineering

Geotechnical Transportation
engineering engineering

Civil
engineering Water
Structural resources
engineering engineering

Construction Surveying and

remote
engineering sensing
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

• Planning, scheduling and execution

of construction activity
• Comprises of men, material, time
and money management. ►

• Emphasis will be on new

construction practice
• Use of appropriate and local technology
• Safety of men and material
• Utilization of marginal materials etc.
• Supervision
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

► Structure is the assemblage of two or more

basic elements such as beam, slab, column,
truss, frame, shells etc.
► Analyze and design a structure
that will safely bear the estimated loads
► Economy without compromising safety and
serviceability
► Repair, rehabilitation and maintenance
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
► Soil investigation – Properties, bearing capacity
► Ground improvement techniques
► Involves design of
– Foundations
– Slopes
– Retaining Structures
– Highway pavement design
– Embankments and earth dams
– Tunnels, underground structures and deep
cuts
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

• Work towards achieving a

healthy environment
• To provide healthy water,
air and land for human
habitation and for other
organisms, and to clean
up the pollution sites.
• Waste treatment and
disposal systems
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

• Application of scientific
design, operation and
approach (planning,
management) to transportation
systems such as roads,
sea/river & air transports.
railway,
• It involves planning,
construction/operation design,
maintenance of transportation
and
facility.
 Tunnel Traffic
Engineering Engineering

Road Highway
Transportatio pavement
alignment
n design
Engineering

Airport and
Railway
harbour
Engineering
Engineering
Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Hydraulics deals with mechanics of
water (fluid) flow.
• Water resource engineering ¤identification &
utilization of available resources
water minimizing (ground water
the
loss.
utilization, ground water recharge and
rain water harvesting.
• Water management involves the use of
hydrologic and hydraulic drainage
systems, Detention/retention ponds,
Navigational waterways, and Flood
control levees, dams, and lakes.
 Remote Sensing & GIS

►Remote sensing is the science of obtaining

information about objects or areas from a
distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.

►A geographical information system (GIS)

is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present
all types of spatial or geographical data.
 Image
Data analysis
processing

Land cover –
Remote sensing Digitalization
sensors

Surface Data
Modelling Extraction
 SURVEYING
• Surveying is to determine the positions of points on,
above or below the surface of the earth by means of
direct or indirect measurements of distances,
elevations and directions.
• Activity involved in collection of topographic features of a
location for future construction.
• Surveying has advanced from chain surveying to remote
sensing with the advent of various electronic
sophisticated instruments.
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

⚫ A civil engineer has to conceive, plan, estimate, get

approval, create and maintain all civil engineering
activities.
⚫ Civil engineer has very important role in the development of
► the following
Measureinfrastructure:
and map the earth’s surface.
► Plan new townships andextension of existing towns.
► Build the suitable structures for the rural and urban
areas for various utilities.
► Build tanks anddams to exploit water resources.
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

► Build river navigation andflood control projects.

► Build canals and distributaries to take water to
agricultural fields.
► Purify and supply water to the needy areas like
houses, schools, offices etc.
► Provide and maintain communication systems like roads,
railways, harbors and airports.
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

► Devise systems for control and efficient flow of traffic.

► Provide and maintain solid and waste water disposal
system.
► Monitor land, water and air pollution and take measures
to control them.
⚫ Fast growing industrialization has put heavy responsibilities on
civil engineers to preserve and protect environment.
Relevance of Civil engineering in
the overall infrastructural
development of the country
 INFRASTRUCTURE
• Facilities and services which form the base or supporting
framework for the economic and social welfare of a
country or city
• Consists of roads, airports, bridges, buildings, parks and
other amenities for the comfort of mankind.
• Higher the infrastructure facilities higher will be the
growth prospects.
• Transport, Power, Communication, Irrigation, and
Rural and Urban Development
▪Dams, power plants, Transportation, Irrigation facilities,
Sanitation, Communication facilities etc.

•Schools, Colleges, Medical Facilities, Parks, Bus

stations etc.
Infrastructure deals with

• Transportation

• Television Network

• Telephone Network

• Energy Sector

• Agricultural Activity

• Construction Activity
Impact of infrastructural development
of a country
• Increase in food production
• Protection from drought, flood
• Healthy and comfortable housing facility
• Safe domestic and industrial water supply
• Safe and scientific waste disposal
• Improvement in communication and transportation
• Generation of electricity from, nuclear, hydel, thermal,
solar or wind energy
• Improved, wealth, prosperity, standard of living
• Overall growth of a nation
 Role of Civil engineers in
Infrastructural development
Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and
airports

Construction of dams and proper utilization of water resources.

Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial
complexes

Maintenance of facility

Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

□National Building Code is prepared to unify the
building regulations throughout the country.

□ NBC is prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards

(BIS).
□ First version is published in 1970
□ This is revised in 1983
□ Later this edition was again revised to current one
in 2005.
□ Classification based on occupancy
□ Group A: Residential
□ Group B: Educational
□ Group C: Institutional
□ Group D: Assembly
□ Group E: Business
□ Group F: Mercantile
□ Group G: Industrial
□ Group H: Storage
□ Group J: Hazardous
 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

► Buildings in which sleeping accommodation provided for normal

residential purposes with or without cooking or dining or
both facilities, except any building classified under Group
C.
 EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

► Buildings used for school, college, other training

institutions for day- care purposes involving assembly for
instruction, education or recreation for not less than 20
students.
► Residential accommodation provided in school/ institution
are classified as sub-division A-3.
 INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS

► Any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes,

such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness,
disease or infirmity; cares of infants, convalescents or
aged persons and for penal or
correctional detention in which the liberty of inmates is
restricted.
 ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

► Any building or part of building, where number of

persons not less than 50 congregate or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil,
travel and similar purposes.
► Eg: theatres, assembly hall, museum,
gymnasiums, restaurants, places for worships etc
 BUSINESS BUILDINGS

► Any building or part of a building, used for transaction of

business (other than that covered by building in group F,
for keeping accounts and records and similar purposes.
► Barber shops, beauty parlours are included in this group.
 MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

► Any building or part of a building, used as shops, stores, market, for

display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

► Any building or part of a building or structure, in which

products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed.
► Assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning
plants, power plants generating units, pumping stations,
fumigation chambers, laundries, building or structures in
gas plants, etc.
 STORAGE BUILDINGS

► Any building or a part of a building used

primarily for or the storage or sheltering (including
servicing, processing, or repairing incidental to storage)
of goods, wares or merchandise (except that those
involve highly combustible or explosive products or
materials) vehicles or animals.
► Warehouses, cold storage, grain elevators, freight depots,
barns, transit sheds, storehouse, garage, hangers etc
 HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

► Used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing

of highly combustible explosive materials.
► Which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which
may produce poisonous fumes or explosions for storage,
handling, manufacturing or processing which involve
highly corrosive, toxic alkalis, acids or other liquids or
chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive,
poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases.
Occupancy classification of buildings
Occupancy classification of buildings
Occupancy classification of buildings
Occupancy classification of buildings
Occupancy classification of buildings
 Building

Substructure Superstructure

1.Sub Structure: The part of building that

is constructed below ground level.
This part of building safely transfers the load
of building to the underlying soil.
2.Super Structure: The part of building that is
constructed above the plinth level.
• Connector between structure and Earth!!
• Transfers the load on structure to soil over a bearing area
• It ensure the stability of the building against
overturning and shear
sliding,
failure
• It provides a level and firm surface for the construction
of superstructure.
• It prevents unequal or differential settlement of
the structure.
• It ensure the stability of the building against undermining due
to floodwater or burrowing animals.
• Provides stability to resist force due to wind, earthquake etc.
▪ Part between ground level and floor level
▪ Raises the floor above ground, to protect it from
rain, dust and insects
▪ Can be used as storage space too
▪ Top outer edge of the basement around the building
▪ The thickness of the plinth wall depends upon the weight
of the superstructure and the width of the foundation
concrete.
▪ The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as
not less than 45cm.
Functions of Plinth
□ To transmit the load of the superstructure to the
foundation.

□ To protect the building from dampness or

moisture.

□ To enhance the architectural appearance of the

building.

Plinth area: Area between outer edges of

basement
 □Laid at Plinth level
□To prevent moisture rise from foundation to walls
□Cement mortar mixed with crude oil/ water proofing
agent/ or damp proof membranes
 □Provide support for occupants, furniture, and equipments
□To divide the building into different levels for creating
more accommodation within the limited space
□All the floors, whether basement, ground or upper should
be strong enough to support the floor covering and other
superimposed loads
□The floors provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable
and wear- resisting surface.
• The main function of walls is to divide the space into
different rooms.

• Walls support the loads from the roof/ upper floors to the
foundations.
• Piers or pillars are thickened sections of the walls placed at
intervals to carry the concentrated loads.
• It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces.
• The external walls should provide sufficient resistance
against weathering agencies like sun, wind, rain and
snow.
• Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation.
• Walls should provide sufficient privacy and security against
CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
□Doors - serve as a connecting link between internal parts
and to allow free movement to the outside of the
building.
□Windows - proper ventilation and lighting and their
number should be determined according to the
requirements.
□Strong enough to resist the adverse effects of
weather.
□They should not be affected by white ants and the
moisture penetration as this will reduce the strength
and durability
□They should offer sufficient privacy without
inconvenience or trouble and security against theft
 □ Beam is a horizontal structural member, which carries floor
slab or roof.
□ Lintel is a beam that supports the masonry work over openings
in the walls.
□Sunshade - projection provided outside a building above the
doors and windows to prevent direct sunlight and rains to
the rooms.
□Window sills are provided to between the bottom of the
window frame andthe wall below to protect the wall from
ware and tear.
□A roof is the uppermost part of a building whose main
functions is to enclose the space and to protect the
same from the effects of weather elements.
□ Flat or sloped or curved
□ Concrete, clay tile, asbestos, iron sheets ,steel truss,
timber
□ Should be strong against effects of wind, sun , rain
□ Drainage
□The roof structure should be strong and stable enough to
take up the anticipated loads safely.
□The roof covering should have adequate resistance to
resist the effects of weather elements.
□ The roof should provide adequate insulation against
heat
□ The roof should have adequate insulation against sound
from external sources.
□ Should offer an adequate degree of fire resistance
CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
 □ Steps are provided for access to the building
□A stair is a structure consisting of a number of steps
leading from one floor to another
□Location of stairs in all types residential and public
buildings should be such as afford the easiest and
quickest service possible to the building
□ The main function of the stairs is firstly to provide a
means of communication
between the various floors
□ Secondly, it also acts as an escape from the upper floors
in the event of fire
□A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a
building is called parapet. It serves as an
enclosure above the roof and as an element for
good appearance.

□It is the layer provided over the roof slab to protect the roof from
weathering agencies like sunlight, rain and wind
 FINISHES OF WALLS
□Finishesfor walls are pointing, plastering,
painting, varnishing, polishing etc.

□ These finishes protect walls from

effects of weather
□It covers the defective materials or poor workmanship to
some extent.
□ It improves the aesthetic appearance of the building
 Plastering

Plaster covering which is

applied on the surface
of walls and ceilings
 Plastering

Finishing of mortar
joints
 Introduction to industrial
building
• Office
• Factory
• Software development office
• Power house
• Electronic equipment service
centre
Requirements of factory buildings
• Site should be close to raw materials
• Electricity and water should be available
• Site should be approachable by road or rail
• Local labor should be available
• Climate should be favorable
• Space for future expansions
 Additional Requirements
• Fire escape provisions
• Enough ventilation
• Freespace requiremnts
Construction materials
► All the building structures are composed of
different types of materials.
► These materials are either called building materials or
materials of construction.
► The material cost in a building ranges 30 to 50 percent
cost of total cost Project.
 Mechanical properties of materials

► 1. Strength ► 7. Toughness
► 2. Elasticity ► 8. Hardness
► 3. Plasticity ► 9. Stiffness
► 4. Ductility ► 10. Creep
► 5. Brittleness ► 11. Fatigue strength
► 6. Malleability
 Strength
► The capacity of material to withstand load is called strength.

■ Strength of materials, ability to withstand an applied stress

without failure
■ Compressive strength, capacity to withstand axially
directed
► pushing forces
■ Tensile strength, maximum stress while being stretched or
pulled before necking
■ Shear strength, the ability to withstand shearing.

96
 Elasticity

► On a material when
external load is applied it
undergoes deformation and
on removal of the load, it
returns to it’s original
shape.

97
 Plasticity:

► If a material does not regain its original shape, on

removal of the external load, its called plastic
materials.

98
 Ductility

■ If a materials can undergo a considerable

deformation
without rupture it is called a ductile materials.
■ It is undergo large deformation during tensile test. It is the
most suitable material for tension member.
■ E.g. steel, copper, wrought iron, aluminum alloys are ductile
materials.
■ Elongation is more than 15%

99
10
0
 Brittleness

■ If a material can not undergo any deformation when

some external force act on it and it fails by
rupture.
■ Stronger in compression and weak in tension.
■ C.I, glass, concrete, bricks
■ Elongation is less than 5%
10
2
 Malleability

■ Which material can be convert in to thin sheets

by hammering.
■ Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, Tin, Lead steel etc.
 Toughness

■ Capacity of a material to absorb energy before

rupture is called toughness.
■ Mild steel, wrought iron, etc.
 Hardness

■ Resistance of materials to abrasion,

indentation, wear and is called
hardness. scratches
■ C.I is hardest material

10
5
 Stiffness

■ Force required to produce deformation in a

unit material is called stiffness.
 Creep

■ Inelastic deformation due to sustained load is known

creep.
 Physical properties of materials

► Bulk density
► Water absorpsion
► Permeability
► Durability
► Specific gravity(G)
 STONE

■ Classification of Rocks:

►Buildingstones are obtained from rocks occurring

in nature and classified in
three ways.

1. Geological classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
 Geological Classification:

■ Igneous rocks: Rocks that are formed by cooling of Magana

(molten or pasty rocky material) are known as igneous rocks.
► Eg: Granite, Basalt and Dolerite etc.

■ Sedimentary rocks: these rocks are formed by the

deposition of production of weathering on the pre- existing
rocks.
► Examples: gravel, sandstone, limestone, gypsum,lignite
etc.
■ Metamorphic rocks. These rocks are formed by the
change in character of the pre-existing rocks. Igneous as
well as sedimentary rocks are changed in character when
they are subject to great heat and pressure. Known as
metamorphism.
► Examples: Quartzite, Schist, Slate,
Marble and Gneisses.
 Physical Classification:

■ Stratified Rocks: These rocks posses planes

of stratification or cleavage and such rocks
can be easily split along these planes.
► Ex: sedimentary rocks
■ An stratified rocks: The structure may be crystalline
granular or compact granular.
► Examples: Igneous rocks and Sedimentary
rocks affected by movements of the earth.
■ Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split
up in a definite direction only.
Ex: Metamorphic rocks.
 Chemical Classification:

■ Siliceous rocks: In these rocks, silica is

predominates.
The rocks are hard; durable not easily effected by
and weathering agences.
■ Ex: Granite, Quartzite, etc.

■ Argillaceous rocks: in these rocks, clay predominates.

The rock may be dense and compact or may be soft.
■ Ex: slates, Laterites etc.
■ Calcareous rocks: In these rocks, calcium carbonate
predominates. The durability to these rocks will depend upon
the constituents present in surrounding atmosphere.
■ Ex: Lime Stone, marble etc.
 Uses of stones:

1.Structure: Stones are used for foundations, walls,

columns, lintels, arches, roofs, floors, damp proof course
etc.
2.Face works. Stones are adopted to give massive
appearance to the structure. Wall are of bricks and facing is
done in stones of desired shades. This is known
as composite masonry.
3.Paving stones: These are used to cover floor of building of
various types such as residential, commercial, industrial etc.
They are also adopted to form paving of roads, foot paths
etc.
 Uses of stones:

4.Basicmaterial: Stones are disintegrated and converted to

form a basic material for cement concrete, morum of roads,
calcareous cements, artificial stones, hallow blocks etc.

5.Misalliances: Stones are also used for (i) ballast for

railways (ii) flux blast furnace (iii) Blocks in the
in
construction of bridges, piers, abutments, retaining walls,
light houses, dams etc.
 Qualities of a good building stone

►Crushing strength: Fora good building stone, the

crushing strength should be greater than l000kg per cm2.
■ Appearance: Good building stone should be a uniform
colour, and free from clay holes, spots of other colour
bands etc capable of preserving the colour for longtime.
■ Durability: A good building stone should be durable. The
factors like heat and cold alternative wet and dry,
dissolved gases in rain, high wind velocity etc affect the
durability.
■ Fracture: For good building stone its fracture should be
sharp, even and clear.
 Qualities of a good building stone
■ Hardness: The hardness greater than 17, treated as hard
used in road works. It is between 14 to 17, medium
hardness, less 14 said be poor hardness.
■ Percentage wear: Fora good building stone,
the wear should be equal to or less
percentage then 3
■ percent.
Resistance to fire: A good building stone be fire
proof. Sandstone, Argillaceous stone resists fire quite well
■ Specific gravity: For a good building stone the
specific gravity should be greater then 8.7 or so.
 Qualities of a good building stone
■ Water absorption: For a good stone, the
building percentage absorption by weight after should not
24 hours exceed 0.60.
■ Texture: A good building stone should have compact fine
crystalline structure should be free from cavities, cracks
or patches of stuff or loose material.
 BRICKS

► Bricks are obtained by

moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of
uniform size and then
by drying and burning
these blocks.
 Composition

Composition Percentage (%)

Alumina 20-30

Silica 50-60

Lime 2-5

Magnesia 0.1

Iron oxide 5-6

Brick Manufacturing
12
 Types of Bricks

1. Conventional / traditional bricks

2. Standards bricks

Type A B C
Conventional 23 11.4 7.5
Standard 19 9 9
 Qualities of Good Brick:

■ Bricks should be table moulded, well burnt in kilns,

copper coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and
square edges.
■ Bricks should be uniform shape and should be of standard
size.
■ Bricks should give clear ringing sound when struck each
other.
■ Bricks should not absorb water more than 20 percent by
weight for first class bricks and 22 percent by weight for
second class bricks, when soaked in cold water for a
period of 24 hours.
 Qualities of Good Brick:

■ Bricks should be low thermal conductivity and they should be

sound proof.
■ Bricks should not break when dropped flat on hard
ground from a height of about one meter.
■ Nobrick should have crushing strength
below 55kg/cm2
 Bricks are classified

■ 1. Un-burnt or sun dried bricks

■ 2. Burnt bricks
a. First class bricks
b. Second class bricks
c. Third class bricks
d. Fourth class bricks
 Bricks are classified

■ As per IS1077-1957 & 1970

1. Grade A – A class < =140kg/cm2
2. Second class bricks – grade B <= 70kg/cm2
3. First class bricks – grade A < =105kg/cm2
4. Class III bricks – grade C average 35kg/cm2
 LIME

■ The product remained after removal of moisture and

carbon dioxide from the limestone by the
process of calcination is termed as
lime.

■ CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

►Lime + Sand = Lime mortar

►Lime + Sand + C.A = Lime Concrete

 Types of Lime

1. Fat lime (Pure lime )

2. Hydraulic lime ( Which sets under water )

3. Poor lime ( Impure lime )

 Properties of good lime

■ Good plasticity
■ Easily workable
■ Stiffens quickly
■ Good moisture resistance
■ Low shrinkage
 Cement

■ which acts as a binding agent for materials natural

cement (Roman Cement) is obtained by burning
crushing and containing clay, carbonates of
the stones
lime and some amount of carbonate of magnesia.

■ cement is obtained by burning at very high temperature a

mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials in
correct proportion.
 Ingredients and function
Ingredients Percentage (% ) Function
Lime (cao) 60-67 Provide strength

silica (Sio2) 17-25 Provide strength

Aluminca (Al2 O3) 3-8 Quick setting

Iron Oxide (Fe2 O3) 0.5-6 Colour, hardness,

strength

Magnescia (Mgo) 0.5-4 Hardness, coiour

K2O, Na2o (Alkalies ) 0.3-1.2 Sulphate resistance

SO3 (Sulphates) 1-3 Increase setting time

 Bogne’s compounds

■ Tri calcium silicate – C3S

■ Dai calcium silicate – C2S
■ Tri calcium Aluminate – C3A
■ Tetra calcium Aluminoferirite – C4AF
 Functions of Ingradients

■ Lime: Lime is the important ingredient of cement and

its proportion is to be maintained carefully.
■ If lime is in deficiency the strength of the
cement is decreased and it causes cement to
set quickly.
■ Silica: This also an important ingredient of cement and it
gives or imparts quick setting property to imparts strength
to cement.
 Functions of Ingradients

■ Alumina: This ingredient imparts quick

setting properly to cement.

■ Calcium Sulphate: This ingredient is in the form of

gypsum and its function is to increase the initial
setting time of cement.

■ Magnesia: The small amount of this ingredient

imparts hardness and colour to cement
 Functions of Ingradients

■ Sulphur: A very small amount of sulphur is

useful in making sound cement

■ Alkalies: Most of the alkalies present in raw material are

carried away by the flue gases during heating and only
small quantity will be left.
Manufacturing process of Cement
 Types of cement
1. Ordinary Portland cement (33, 43, 53 Grade )
2. Rapid hardening cement
3. Extra rapid hardening cement
4. Quick setting cement
5. Low heat cement 33 N/mm2 strength
means:-minimum compressive
6. Sulphate resistance cement strength at 28 days is
7. Super sulphate cement 33 N/mm2

8. Portland pozzolana cement

9. Portland slag cement
10. Coloured cement (White )
 Uses of Cement
■ Cement mortar for masonry work, plaster, pointing etc.
■ Concreter for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels,
beams, weather sheds, stairs, pillars etc.
■ Construction of important engineering structure such as
bridges, culverts, dams, tunnels storage reservoirs, light
houses, deckles etc.
■ Manufacture of pre cast pipes, piles, garden seats,
artificially designed urns, flowerpots, dustbins, fencing
posts etc.
■ Preparation of foundations, watertight floors, footpaths
etc.
 SAND

■ Is a natural product obtained from pit, river beds, shores,

sea beds etc.
■ It is I form of silica (SiO2)
 Types of Sand

1. Natural sand: obtained from pit, river and sea bad.

2. Artificial sand: Formed by decomposition of sound

stone due to various weathering effects.
 Types of Sand

■ Based on Size
1. Fine sand: fineness modulus 2.2 – 2.6

2. Medium sand : fineness modulus 2.6 – 2.9

3. Coarse sand : fineness modulus 2.9 – 3.2

 Characteristics of sand

■ It should be hard and durable.

■ It should be chemically inert.
■ It should be clean and coarse. It should be free from
organic matter.
■ It should contain sharp, angular and durable grains.
■ It should not contain salts, which attract the moisture
from atmosphere.
■ It should be well graded.
 Use of sand

■ Used in cement mortar, lime mortar, PCC, RCC, etc.

■ In flooring.

■ Plinth filling.
 Bulking of Sand

■ The presence of moisture in sand increases the volume of

sand.
■ This is due to fact that moisture causes film of water
around the sand particles which result in the increase
of volume of sand.
■ For a moisture content of 5 to 8 percent, the increase
in volume may be about 5 to 8 percent, depending
upon the grading of sand.
 AGGREGATE
■ Aggregate are the important constitute in concrete.
■ They give body to concrete, reduce shrinkage and
effect economy.
■ It is 70 – 80 % of total volume of concrete.
■ Aggregate were consider chemically inactive and
active as a filler material.
 Classification of Aggregate

■ Based on weight.

1. Normal wt. : density of concrete is produced from

2300 to 2600 kg/m3, e.g.- Sand, Gravel, granite, etc.
2. Light wt. :density of concrete is produced from 1200
to 1850 kg/m3, e.g.- Foamed slag, rice husk,etc.
3. Heavy wt. :density of concrete is produced from
4000 to 5000 kg/m3, e.g.- Barite, magnetite,
hematite, etc.
 Classification of Aggregate

■ Based on size

• Fine aggregate : size <= 4.75 mm Bulking is

less
► e.g. Sand, rock dust

• Coarse aggregate : size > 4.75 mm

► Bulking is more
► e.g. Gravel
 Classification of Aggregate

■ Based on shape

1. Rounded
2. Irregular
3. Angular
4. Flaky
 Classification of Aggregate

■ Based on structure

1. Glassy
2. Smooth
3. Granular
4. Crystalline
5. Honey combed and porous
 Requirement of good aggregate

■ Should be hard, strong and durable.

■ Free form organic impurities.
■ Free from grass and roots.
■ Clay content should not exceed 4 %
■ Good soundness.
■ Well graded.
 Use of C.A

■ Filler material in PCC and RCC.

■ Used as base coarse material for road works.

■ Used as railway basalt.

 Test on Aggregate

1. Aggregate crushing value test

2. Aggregate impact value test
3. Aggregate abrasion value test
4. Specific gravity test
5. Bulk density test
6. Absorption and moisture content test
7. Fineness modulus test
8. Flakiness index
9. Elongation index
 MORTAR
■ The term mortar is used to indicate a paste prepared by
adding required quantity of water to a mixture of
binding material like cement or Lime and fine
aggregates like sand.

■ Mortar = Cement/Lime + FA + Water

 Types of mortar
1. Cement mortar : in this motor, Cement is used as
binding material. Depending upon the strength required
and importance of work, the proportion of cement to
sand varies from 1:2 to 1:6 or more. it is stronger than
lime mortar and is used most of civil engineering work.
Like masonry, plaster, pointing etc.

2. Lime mortar : in this motor, lime is used as binding

material. Lime may be fate lime or Hydraulic lime. Fat
lime mortar 1:2 to 1:3 and hydraulic lime mortar may
be1:2 by volume.

3. Mud mortar: For cheap work use fibrous material like

gober.
 Properties of good mortar

■ It should be capable of developing good adhesion with the

building units such as bricks, stones etc.
■ It should be capable of developing
thedesigned stresses.
■ It should be capable of resisting penetration
of rainwater.
■ It should be cheap.
■ It should be durable.
■ It should be easily workable.
■ It should notaffect thedurability of materials with
which it comes into contact.
 Uses:

■ To bind the building units such as bricks, stones etc.

■ To carry out painting and plaster works on exposed

surfaces of masonry.

■ To form an even bedding layer for building units.

■ To form joints of pipes.

■ To improve the appearance of structure.

 CONCRETE
■ Cement concrete is a mixture of cement,
sand , pebbles or crushed rock and water.
■ When placed in the skeleton of forms and allowed to
cure, becomes hard like a stone.
■ Cement concrete is importantbuilding
material because of the following reasons.
1. It can be moulded into any size and shape of durable
structural member.
2. It is possible to control theproperties of
cement concrete.
3. It possesses adequate plasticity for
mechanica7l5 working.
 Ingredients in concrete
1. Binding material like cement, lime, etc.
2. FA (Sand)
3. CA
4. Water
5. Admixture
► Concrete = Cement + FA + CA + Water + Admixture
 Preparation of concrete mix:

■ There are two types of concrete mixing

(i) Hand mixing

(ii) Machine mixing

1. Continuous mixers
2. Batch mixers
 Properties of Concrete

■ It has high compressive strength.

■ It is free from corrosion.
■ It hardens with age
■ It is proved to be economical than steel
■ It binds rapidly with steel and it is weak in tension
■ It forms a hard surface, capable of resisting abrasion
stresses.
 Properties of Concrete

■ For Fresh concert

• Good workability
• Segregation should not take place while transporting
and placing.
• Bleending should not take place after placing.
• Concrete surface should not be hash.
 Properties of Concrete

■ For Harden concrete

• Good compressive strength
• Impermeability
• Good durability
• Good resistance to wear and tear
• Good resistance to sulphate attack.
• Good impact resistance.

• Drawback : Low tensile strength

 Concrete classification

■ Plain cement concrete (PCC)

■ Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
■ Prestressed concrete (PSC)
■ Precast concrete
 Concreting Operation

1. Batching
2. Mixing
3. Transporting
4. Placing
5. Compaction
6. Curing
7. Finishing
 Advantages of concrete

■ It possesses high compressive strength

■ It is durable and hard
■ It is economical than steel
■ It can easily moulded into any desired shape.
■ Good water tightness
■ No weathering effects
■ It required little maintenance
 Dis-Advantages of concrete

■ It has low tensile strength

■ It is a brittle materials
■ It develops shrinkage crack
■ Concrete work requires skilled supervision
■ Repair of concrete work is difficult
■ It requires 14 to 28 days for hardening
 OTHER CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

■ Ferrous and non ferrous materials

■ Ceramic
■ Timber
■ Paints and Varnishes
■ Plastics
■ Glass
■ Fly ash
 GREEN BUILDING

► What is a Green Building?

► A Green Building, also known as a sustainable building, is a
structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or
re-used in an ecological and resource efficient manner.
► Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance
between the human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of
well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources
and ecosystems, on which we & future generations depend
 GREEN BUILDING

► Objectives of a green building:

► • Protecting occupant health
► • Improving employee productivity
► • Using energy, water and other resources more efficiently
► • Reducing overall impact to the environment
► • Optimal environmental and economic performance
► • Satisfying and quality indoor spaces
 Benefits of Green Buildings
► Environmental Benefits
► • Reduce the impacts of natural resource consumption
► Economic Benefits
► • Reduced operating costs
► • Marketing advantages
► • Increased building valuation
► • Optimizes life-cycle performance cost
► Health and Safety Benefits
► • Enhance occupant comfort and health
► Community Benefits
► • Minimize strain on local infrastructure and improve quality of
life
 Considerations of a green building:

► Control erosion to reduce negative impacts on water

and air quality
► Reduce pollution and land development impacts from
automobile use
► Limit disruption of natural water hydrology by reducing
impervious cover, increasing on-site infiltration and
managing storm water run-off
► Encourage and recognize increasing levels of self supply
through renewable technologies to reduce environmental
impacts associated with fossil fuel energy use
 Considerations of a green building:

► Provide a high level of individual occupant control of

ventilation and lighting systems to support good health,
better productivity and a comfortable atmosphere
► Provide a connection between indoor spaces and outdoor
environment through the introduction of sunlight and
views into the occupied areas of the building
 How to make a building green

► Sustainable site planning with bioclimatic architectural

planning
► Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design
to minimize load on conventional systems
► Design energy efficient lighting and HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) system
► Use low energy and renewable materials
► Choose construction materials and interior finishes
products with zero or low emissions to improve indoor air
quality
 How to make a building green

► Use dimensional planning and other material efficiency

strategies
► Design for a gray water system that recovers rain water
for site irrigation and a dual plumbing system for use
of recycled water for toilet flushing
► Use re-circulating systems for centralized hot water
distribution
COMPONENTS OF GREEN BUILDING
SMART CITY
 INTRODUCTION

□ 21st Century has brought with it a new global trend of

“sustainable urban development” and this concept
adds new dimensions to urbanization which
require a quick need to upgrade existing
cities.
□ 98 cities were shortlisted in India for
implementing Smart City Concept.
 SMART CITY

• A smart city (also smarter city) uses digital

technologies or information and communication
technologies (ICT) to enhance quality and
performance of urban services, to reduce costs and
resource consumption, and to engage
more effectively and actively with its citizens.
• A smart city should be able to respond faster to city
and global challenges.
 SMART CITY PLAN

• According to the plan, 20 cities will be selected

this year, followed by 40 each in the next two
years.
• While most of the smart cities will be Brownfield
(old) ventures and there will also be a
few Greenfield (new) projects .
 SMART CITY PLAN

• The cities will be given scores based on urban reforms

that they have carried out, their impact and what
they propose to do in four key areas
□ Swatch Bharat (sanitation),
□ Make in India (ease of doing business),
□ Good governance
(modern accounting system,
rationalization of property taxes)
□ e-governance.
 NEED FOR SMART CITY

• By 2030, 60% of worlds population is expected to live in

cities results in heavy strain on energy, transportation,
water, building and public spaces.
• Increasing need is the being felt for smart city which
are both efficient, sustainable and Can
generate economic prosperity & social well being.
 NEED FOR SMART CITY

• The need to handle global environment and

urbanization problems
► -- Global warming and climate
change
► -- Population increase and
resource depletion
► -- Adverse effects of increasing
urbanization
• The need to accommodate changing
lifestyles
• A McKinsey Global Institute study estimated that cities
would generate 70% of the new jobs created by 2030,
 PHASES
• Early phase: Provide the infrastructure
► needed for the operation of the city.

• Growth Phase: Expand and intensify the

► infrastructure to ensure that supply can keep the pace
with increasing demands of the growing demand.
• Mature phase:
► Enhance infrastructure to ensure the delivery of high-quality
services based on criteria such as ease of- use and
comfort.
• Transformation phase:
► Integrate infrastructure systems to satisfy social values
such as aiding, or at least avoiding damage to, the
natural environment.
VISION OF THE CITY OF THE FUTURE

Make Provide tools Open source and

Sensing the city for the citizens
visible the open data
invisible to interpret and
change the
workings of the
city
 FEATURES OF SMART
• CITY
Smart parking
• Smart heritage cities
• Smart transportation & Traffic management
• Smart grids
• Smart city maintenance
• Smart Building & Home
• Smart Energy (Renewable generation & storage, AMI,PQM,PLM,OMS)
• Smart Water Management
• Smart Waste Management (Recycling of waste, residual
management, Recovery of waste organics & Energy)
• Smart Education (e-Education)
• Smart Governance (e-governance)
• Smart Medical Facility (e-Medical)
• Smart Communications & Networks
 GOALS

►QUALITY OF LIFE
□ The Well-Planned City
□ The Healthy/Safe City
□ Sustainable Eco-City
►Economic Development
□ Cultural- Convention Hub
□ The City of Commerce
□ The City of Digital Innovation
 BENEFITS OF SMART CITY

• Economic development, Global city investment

competitiveness
• Proper facilities for entertainment, safety, security &
education.
• 24*7 availability of water and electricity.
• Employment opportunities , Provide huge amount of
Job .
• Efficiency, sustainability, and livable.
• Reduce Poverty in India & Affordable housing .
• Enable better services to citizen by managing operations
without human interventions .
 BENEFITS OF SMART CITY

• Reduce energy consumption, Green House gas

emissions.
• Corruption decreases.
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization.
• Good governance.
• Safety and security of citizens, particularly
women, children and the elderly.
 SMART CITIES - ONGOING PROCESS

• Kochi ,Ahmadabad ,Aurangabad

• Aurangabad ,Manesar in Delhi
• Tumkur in Karnataka, Khushkera (Alwar)
► TOP 5 cities in the world
• Vienna
• Toronto
• Paris
• New York
• London