DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

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 Anatomy of Heart
SZT-172
Session : July- Dec 2018

Dr Syed Ikramul Hasan – E6309

Asst.prof
Chandigarh University
Syed.biotech@cumail.in
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 LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
• COURSE OBJECTIVE
• To understand basic morphology of Heart.
• To study about chambers of Heart.
• To know significance of Pulmonary and Bronchial vessels.
• To know significance of valves of Heart.
• Prerequsite:
• Basic understanding of 10TH Biology
• Application:
• It help to understand basic functioning of biomedical instruments like
ECG
•  Course outcomes.
Students should able to understand the basic anatomy of heart.
They will learn about different valves present and their location.
Students will able to understand about different chamber and cellular
structure of heart.
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Syllabus

Unit-1
Introduction to Human body:
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Structure and functions of cell, homeostasis, feedback mechanism: positive and negative, Types of
tissues: Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue, Muscle Physiology: Muscle Physiology of muscle
contraction and aspects of skin resistance
Respiratory System: Anatomy of Respiratory System with special reference to anatomy of lungs, Mechanism of respiration,
regulation of respiration, lung volumes
Unit-2
Introduction to major organ systems- I
Circulatory System: Anatomy of Heart, Elements of conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart valves ,blood circulation: systemic and pulmonary,
Composition and of blood, different types of blood cells and their functions, transmission of cardiac impulse , blood pressure and its regulation,
ECG, Einthoven’s triangle twelve lead system and ECG waveforms
Biosensors and Instruments: ECG, EEG,EMG
Unit-3
Introduction to major organ systems- II
Nervous System: Different parts, their functions. Reflex actions and reflex arc, functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Nerve conduction and action potentials.
Urinary System:- structure of nephron, function of kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, internal/external sphincters , physiology of urine
formation

Digestive System: Anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, gastro intestinal secretions and their functions, deglutition and defecation.
Sensory system :
Eye:- structure and function of eye, refractive medias of the eyes, working of eye, power of accommodation
Ear: Structure and functions of ear.

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 Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular = Heart, Arteries, Veins, Blood

Function:
Transportation

Blood = transport vehicle

Carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Movement provided by pumping of heart

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 Cardiac Tissues

Outermost = Pericardium & Epicardium

Pericardium is a membrane anchoring heart to diaphragm and
sternum
Pericardium secretes lubricant (serous fluid)
Epicardium is outermost muscle tissue

Middle = Myocardium
Contains contractile muscle fibers

Innermost = Endocardium
Lines Cardiac Chambers

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 Cardiac
VVVtissues

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 Cross section of tissues

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 Chambers of Heart
• Human heart has 4 chambers
– 2 Atria
• Superior = primary receiving chambers, do not actually pump
• Blood flows into atria
– 2 Ventricles
• Pump blood
• Contraction = blood sent out of heart + circulated

• Chambers are separated by septum…

– Due to separate chambers, heart functions as double
pump
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 Anatomy of Heart

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 Anatomy Cont….

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 Pulmanory circulation
• Pulmonary = Deoxygenated Blood
• Involves Right Side of Heart

• Pathway:
1. Superior / Inferior Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium  Tricuspid Valve
3. Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
4. Left Pulmonary Artery
5. Lungs

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Pulmonary arteries

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 Pulmonary Artery and veins

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 Heart valves
[4 main valves]

• When the heart is relaxed…

– Blood passively fills atrium
– Flows right past tricuspid / bicuspid valves
– Semilunar Valves remain shut

• When the heart contracts (pumps)…

– Tricuspid / Bicuspid valves swing up and shut
– Blood ejected out of ventricle
– Semilunar Valves open up
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 Heart Valves

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 BLOOD PRESSURE

• The blood pressure is the force that causes blood to flow through
the arteries, capillaries, and finally veins back to the heart
• Blood pressure is the amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls of the
blood vessel
– Arterial Blood pressure

• Blood must circulate through the body and organs to maintain life
E.G.
To carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells
To remove waste products from the cells
• The Heart is the pump that circulates the blood

• Pressure difference in the vascular system ensures that blood flows around the body
That is why pressure varies in arteries, veins and capillaries

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 Arterial Blood Pressure

Expressed as systolic/diastolic
Adult
Normal – 120/80 mmHg
High – 140/90 mmHg
Systolic pressure (top number)
Pressure generated during ventricular
contraction
Diastolic pressure
Pressure during cardiac relaxation
 A blood pressure reading consists of two numbers:

 Systolic pressure - the first, highest number

Indicates pressure when the ventricles contract to push
blood out to the body

 Diastolic pressure- the second, lower number

Indicates when the heart relaxes between beats

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 How can we measure Blood Pressure?

Blood Pressure can be measured in two ways:

1. Indirectly, using a sphygmomanometer and

ausculating (listening) with a stethoscope, the
sounds you hear are called Korotkoff sounds

2. Directly, using an arterial cannula (only used in

Critical Care Areas, Operating Theatres).

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 How can we measure Blood Pressure?
External blood pressure measurements:
We apply a cuff to the arm & apply pressure to the cuff to form a
constricting band around the arm and around internal arteries.
The pressure in the cuff is initially above Blood pressure in the
arteries– as the cuff pressure falls, it ‘meets’ the blood pressure
& 1st Korotkof sound is heard.
When the cuff pressure falls below the blood pressure, the
Korotkof sound disappears

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 REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE

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 REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY RENIN-
ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM

Decrease in Blood Pressure Normal Blood Pressure

Stimulation

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Renin

Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I

Converting enzyme

Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction

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 SITES OF PRODUCTION

Renin - J.G Cells of

Kidney

Angiotensinogen - Liver Cells

ACE - Lungs

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 Department of Applied Sciences

REFERENCES

• http://www.sciencentral.com
• http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine
• http://www.mdpi.org/sensors

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 For any Query
himanisharma.biotech@cumail.in