DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE.
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

www.cuchd.in Campus:
 BLOOD
SZT-172
Session : July- Dec 2018

Chandigarh University
Himanisharma.biotech@cumail.in

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION:
• COURSE OBJECTIVE
• To understand basic concept of biosensors and its functioning
• Physics behind biosensors.
• Prerequsite:
• Basic understanding of 10TH Biology
• Application:
Drug Development, Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory
use),Environmental field monitoring, Industrial Process Control
Detection systems for biological warfare agents organs.
•  Course outcomes.
The Student will able to understand the basic concept of biosensors.
The Student will able to analyze various parts of biosensors.
The Student will able to understand functioning of biosensors in
various fields.

www.cuchd.in
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
3
Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Syllabus

Unit-1
Introduction to Human body:
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Structure and functions of cell, homeostasis, feedback mechanism: positive and negative, Types of
tissues: Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue, Muscle Physiology: Muscle Physiology of muscle
contraction and aspects of skin resistance
Respiratory System: Anatomy of Respiratory System with special reference to anatomy of lungs, Mechanism of respiration, regulation of
respiration, lung volumes
Unit-2
Introduction to major organ systems- I
Circulatory System: Anatomy of Heart, Elements of conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart valves ,blood circulation: systemic and pulmonary,
Composition and of blood, different types of blood cells and their functions, transmission of cardiac impulse , blood pressure and its regulation,
ECG, Einthoven’s triangle twelve lead system and ECG waveforms
Biosensors and Instruments: ECG, EEG,EMG
Unit-3
Introduction to major organ systems- II
Nervous System: Different parts, their functions. Reflex actions and reflex arc, functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Nerve conduction and action potentials.
Urinary System:- structure of nephron, function of kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, internal/external sphincters , physiology of urine
formation

Digestive System: Anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, gastro intestinal secretions and their functions, deglutition and defecation.
Sensory system :
Eye:- structure and function of eye, refractive medias of the eyes, working of eye, power of accommodation
Ear: Structure and functions of ear.

4
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 BLOOD

• Blood is a body fluid in humans and other

animals that delivers necessary substances
such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and
transports metabolic waste products away
from those same cells.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 BLOOD

Blood has many different functions, including:

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and
tissues.
Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver,
which filter and clean the blood.
Regulating body temperature.
 BLOOD

• Haemoglobin is the protein inside red blood

cells that carries oxygen. Red blood cells also
remove carbon dioxide from your body,
transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.
Red blood cells are made inside your bones, in
the bone marrow.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Blood is Made up of
An adult human has about 4–6 liters of
blood circulating in the body.
Blood consists of several types of cells
floating around in a fluid called plasma.
The red blood cells (RBCs) contain
haemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen.
RBCs transport oxygen to, and remove
carbon dioxide from the tissues.
The white blood cells fight infection.
The platelets help the blood to clot, if you
get a wound for example.
The plasma contains salts and various
kinds of proteins.
Function:-Blood plasma is the watery, liquid component of blood.
It suspends red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Within
plasma, there are many important dissolved substances, such as
proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products.
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 RBC’S

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles,
haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red"
and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern
usage), are the most common type of blood cell

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 RBC’S

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow . Stem

cells in the bone marrow develop in several steps to mature
red blood cells (RBC):
stem cells → progenitor cells → precursor cells (blasts) →
mature cells (see image below).

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 RBC AVERAGE LIFE SPAN
It takes about 21 days for a stem cell to develop in the bone marrow into a so
called reticulocyte. This cell is released into the blood stream and circulates
there for 1 to 2 days before it is developed into a mature RBC (erythrocyte).
Once they are matured, a RBC remains functional in the bloodstream for about
110 to 120 days before it is degraded.
Where are RBC’S destroyed?
As red blood cells wear out in the bloodstream, they are taken in by the spleen,
an organ on the left side of the abdomen below the stomach, and destroyed. Parts
of the old cells are salvaged to make new red blood cells.
Red blood cells are destroyed because lacking a nucleus, they aren't quite as
powerful as other cells when it comes to self-repair and longevity.
As for where; it really is all over the body. They are swallowed up (literally) by
macrophages lining the blood vessels, which are particularly concentrated in the
liver, spleen and bone marrow.
As they age, they deform, and the macrophages are capable of recognising this
deformation and reacting to it (by eating the red blood cells).
When the macrophages have eaten and destroyed the red blood cells, the
nutrients they contain are returned to the blood plasma, and captured in the bone
marrow for production of new blood cells.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 RBCs after 120 days

Fragile

Membranes of RBC rupture

Phagocytized by Reticulo endothelial system

Tissue macrophages
» Kupffer cells
» Spleen
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
 BLOOD COAGULATION

Blood clots usually begin with a damaged blood vessel; think from a cut,
scrape, or other wound.
When platelets – tiny components in our blood – encounter these damaged
vessels, they become stimulated and other platelets throughout the body begin
to flock to the site. When enough platelets have arrived, they begin to clump
together to form the beginning of a blood clot designed to stop excessive
bleeding. They also release various substances that begin the next phase of
clotting.
The resulting chemical reaction accelerates the development of fibrin, a protein
that works to strengthen and secure the initial platelet clot.
Once the blood clot has achieved its mission of preventing excessive bleeding,
it must stop growing and be prevented from spreading through the body and
causing damage. A number of anti-clotting proteins neutralize any excess
clotting factors, preventing the clot from growing larger.
As the damaged tissue heals, the body slowly dissolves the blood clot and
reabsorbs it over the course of several weeks by using an enzyme called
plasmin and other substances.

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 WBC’S

White blood cells (also called leukocytes or leucocytes and abbreviated as

WBCs) are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting
the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white
blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone
marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells

These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types:
•Neutrophils
•eosinophils (acidophiles)
•basophils
•Lymphocytes
•monocytes

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali

 Department of Applied Sciences

REFERENCES

• http://www.sciencentral.com
• http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine
• http://www.mdpi.org/sensors

www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali