Database

Management
System

Lecture - 10
Minimum Cardinality
Determines whether the link is
compulsory or optional
Important, since it effects the
implementation
Cardinality Example
STD BOOK

EMP PROJ

STD COURSE

STD HOBBY
Other Notations

STD BOOK

STD HOBBY

PROJ EMP
Other Notations

STD 1 M
BOOK

STD M 1
HOBBY

PROJ M M
EMP
Other Notations
DEPT 1 1
CHAIR

STD 1
BOOK

PROJ EMP
 Roles in Relationships
Determine the role ETs play in
a relationship
Most of the time is clear from
the context, like in STD and
COURSE relationship
Roles in Relationships
Two situation when they
should be expressed explicitly
A one to one relationship
Two ETs having more than
one relationship
Roles Examples

STD ENROLS
ENROLMENT ENROLLED
BY
COURSE

HEADS

FACUL-
HEAD
TY
HEADED BY
Roles Examples
STD_TEACH

Te
tB

ac
gh

he
u
Ta

s
STD FACULTY

ses
Su by
pe

rvi
rvi

pe
STD_SUP
Su
dse
 Dependencies
A type of constraint
Existence dependency
Identifier dependency
Referential Dependency
Existence Dependency
bkId
bkId

BOOK
BOOK
COPY
bkTitle CopyId
Enhancements in E-R Data Model
 EE-R Data Model
Different proposals
Most common feature is
representation of supertypes and
subtypes
A popular feature of Object
Oriented paradigm
 Super/Subtypes
Also called generalization/
specialization
Supertype is called a General
Entity type whereas subtypes
are the specializations
 Super/Subtypes
General Entity Types

ST PERSON

ST1 ST2 ST3 STD FAC

Specialized Entity Types

Super/Subtypes
EMP

Grade NoOfHrs

SALARIED HOURLY

AnalSal HourlyRate
Super/Subtypes
Id

Address Name

PERSON

StId Qual

STD FAC

CGPA ClsName Grade

 Database
Management
System

Lecture - 10